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1、 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 18 December 1998. Printed in the United States of America. Print: ISBN 0-7381-1
2、453-7 SH94693 PDF: ISBN 0-7381-1454-5 SS94693 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std C57.121-1998 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.121-1988) IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Main
3、tenance of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 16 September 1998 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: The evaluation and handling procedures for less flammable hydrocarbon transformer in- sulating fluids are cove
4、red. The guides purpose is to assist the transformer operator in receiving new fluids, filling transformers, and maintaining the fluids in serviceable condition. Keywords: high molecular weight hydrocarbon fluid, HMWH fluid, hydrocarbon fluid, insulating flu- id, less flammable hydrocarbon fluid, LF
5、H fluid, transformer IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinat- ing Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the
6、 Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an inter- est in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly volunt
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16、ard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those pa
17、tents that are brought to its attention. Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. iii Introduction (This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std C57.121-1998, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flam- mable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers.) This guide was prepared by the Insulating F
18、luids Subcommittee of the Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. The purpose of this guide is to identify standards for acceptance and mainte- nance of high-temperature hydrocarbon fl uids in transformers. At the time this guide was published, it was under consideration for ap
19、proval as an American National Stan- dard. The Accredited Standards Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors, C57, had the follow- ing members at the time this guide was sent to letter ballot: P. Orehek, Chair J. D. Borst, Vice Chair J. A. Gauthier, Secretary Organization RepresentedName
20、of Representative Electric Light and Power GroupP. Orehek (Delegation Chair) T. Diamantis K. S. Hanus G. N. Miller (Alt.) C. G. Niemann S. Paiva J. Sullivan Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .B. Patel (Delegation Chair) W. B. Binder J. D. Borst J. H. Harlow J. W. Matthews National El
21、ectrical Manufacturers Association P. Hopkinson (Delegation Chair) M. Austin G. Coulter S. Endersbe A. Ghafourian K. Linsley R. Plaster H. Robin H. J. Sim (Alt.) Tennessee Valley Authority.F. Lewis Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.M. Schacker U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Services .
22、Mehrdad Eskandary U.S. Department of Energy, Western Area Power Administration K. C. Wolohan U.S. Department of the Navy, Civil Engineering Corps . C. M. Mandeville The following persons were in the working group for the revision of this standard: C. Patrick McShane, Chair F. J. GryszkiewiczF. Jakob
23、J. J. Kelly T. J. HaupertD. W. Sundin -,-,- iv Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following persons were on the balloting committee: When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 16 September 1998, it had the following membership: Richard J. Holleman, Chair Donald N. Heirman,
24、 Vice Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary *Member Emeritus NEC and National Electrical Code are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. NESC and National Electrical Safety Code are registered trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. George
25、Allen M. Austin Roy A. Bancroft Ron L. Barker W. J. Bill Bergman Wallace B. Binder Thomas E. Blackburn III Joe V. Bonucchi John D. Borst Jerry L. Corkran Dan W. Crofts Dieter Dohnal Keith Ellis Michael A. Franchek Dudley L. Galloway Donald A. Gillies James L. Goudie Richard D. Graham Robert L. Grubb
26、 Robert L. Grunert F. J. Gryszkiewicz R. R. Hayes Frank W. Heinrichs Peter J. Hoefl er Philip J. Hopkinson Richard Huber K. Jakob Virendra Jhonsa Gene Kallaur Joseph J. Kelly Sheldon P. Kennedy Lawrence A. Kirchner Egon Koenig Barin Kumar J. P. Lazar Thomas Lundquist Joe D. MacDonald William A. Magu
27、ire John W. Matthews Angie D. McCain L. Bruce McClung Nigel P. McQuin C. Patrick McShane Sam Michael Daleep C. Mohla Daniel H. Mulkey Chuck R. Murray R. J. Musil T. V. Oommen Paul E. Orehek Gerald A. Paiva B. K. Patel Jesse M. Patton Paulette A. Payne Mark D. Perkins Linden W. Pierce R. Leon Plaster
28、 George J. Reitter Peter G. Risse Leo J. Savio Rick Sawyer Vic Shenoy Hyeong Jin Sim James A. Thompson Subhash C. Tuli Robert R. Turcotte Jr. John Vandermaar Robert A. Veitch Loren B. Wagenaar William G. Wimmer Satish K. Aggarwal Clyde R. Camp James T. Carlo Gary R. Engmann Harold E. Epstein Jay For
29、ster* Thomas F. Garrity Ruben D. Garzon James H. Gurney Jim D. Isaak Lowell G. Johnson Robert Kennelly E. G. “Al” Kiener Joseph L. Koepfi nger* Stephen R. Lambert Jim Logothetis Donald C. Loughry L. Bruce McClung Louis-Franois Pau Ronald C. Petersen Gerald H. Peterson John B. Posey Gary S. Robinson
30、Hans E. Weinrich Donald W. Zipse Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Contents 1.Overview 1 1.1Scope. 1 1.2Purpose 1 1.3System design . 2 1.4Background information. 2 2.References 2 3.List of acronyms and abbreviations. 3 4.Fluid tests and the significance of each test. 3 4.1Neutralization nu
31、mber (D664, D974). 3 4.2Dielectric breakdown voltage (D877, D1816) 4 4.3Dielectric breakdown voltage (impulse conditions) (D3300). 5 4.4Interfacial tension (D971). 5 4.5AC loss characteristics (dissipation factor and relative permittivity) (D924). 6 4.6Color (D1500). 6 4.7Viscosity (D88, D445, D2161
32、). 6 4.8Flash point and fire point (Cleveland open cup method) (D92). 6 4.9Specific gravity (relative density) (D1298). 7 4.10 Pour point (D97) . 7 4.11 Volume resistivity (D1169) 7 4.12 Gas analysis. 7 4.13 Inorganic chlorides and sulfates (D878). 8 4.14 Corrosive sulfur (D1275) 8 4.15 Oxidation st
33、ability or sludge formation, or both (D2112, D2440) . 8 4.16 Water in insulating fluid (extraction and Karl Fischer methods) (D1315, D1533) 8 4.17 Oxidation inhibitors in electrical insulating fluids (D2668, D4768) 8 4.18 Visual examination field test (D1524) 9 4.19 Refractive index and specific opt
34、ical dispersion (D1807) 9 4.20 Gassing of insulating oils under electrical stress and ionization (D2300) 9 4.21 Aniline point and mixed aniline point of petroleum products (D611) 9 5.Handling and evaluation of LFH fluids for use in filling transformers at the installation site 9 5.1Shipping containe
35、rs. 9 5.2Check tests on receipt . 9 5.3Handling of the fluid by the user and placing the fluid in storage 10 5.4Handling and testing of LFH fluids for installation into apparatus 12 6.Evaluation of LFH fluids received in new equipment and after filling apparatus on site. 13 7.Maintenance of LFH flui
36、ds 14 7.1Field screening 14 7.2Laboratory screening. 14 7.3Test limits for service-aged LFH fluids 14 7.4Reconditioning 15 7.5Reclaiming 16 -,-,- vi Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. 7.6Mixtures of different types of LFH fluids. 16 8.Safety and environmental care procedures 17 8.1Leaks. 17 8
37、.2Minor spills. 17 8.3Spills on soil 17 8.4Spills on water. 17 Annex A(informative) Bibliography 18 -,-,- Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide recommends tests 1 and
38、evaluation procedures, as well as criteria and methods of maintenance, for less fl ammable hydrocarbon (LFH) transformer insulating fl uids. These liquids are also known as high molecular weight hydrocarbon (HMWH) fl uids. HMWH dielectric fl uids are hereby defi ned as those fl uids having an ASTM D
39、92 fi re point of 300 C or greater, being primarily composed of, but not restricted to, hydrocarbons. These fl uids meet the requirements of the National Electrical Code (NEC) (NFPA 70- 1999), 2 Article 450-23, as a less fl ammable dielectric for use in indoor applications when used in properly desi
40、gned and installed transformers. Ester- and silicone-based fl uids are not covered by this guide. Methods of reconditioning LFH fl uids are also described. It is not the intent of this guide to address retrofi lling trans- formers with LFH fl uids. Any such substitution of fl uids should be performe
41、d only after consultation with the manufacturers of fl uid and equipment. Where instructions given by the transformer or fl uid manufactur- ers differ from those given in this guide, the manufacturers instructions are to be given preference. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to assist the tra
42、nsformer operator in evaluating and processing LFH fl uids received in new transformers, as received from the fl uid manufacturer for fi lling transformers, and as pro- cessed into such equipment. It also assists the operator in maintaining the fl uid in serviceable condition. This guide, therefore,
43、 recommends standard tests and evaluation procedures, methods of reconditioning and reclaiming LFH fl uids, and the analysis results at which these processes become necessary. It will also address the routines for restoring resistance to oxidation, where desired, by the addition of inhibitors. 1 All
44、 test methods used to evaluate LFH fl uids should be the latest versions available from the American Society of Testing and Materi- als, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959, USA (http:/www.astm.org/). 2 Information on references can be found in Clause 2. IEEE Std C57.121-1998IEE
45、E GUIDE FOR ACCEPTANCE AND MAINTENANCE OF 2 Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1.3 System design The reliable performance of LFH fl uids in an insulation system depends upon certain basic fl uid characteristics that can affect overall apparatus characteristics. Such fl uid characteristics are
46、 integral to equipment design for which the manufacturer has fi nal responsibility. The reliable operation of the equipment in service, for which the transformer operator has fi nal responsibility, also depends on maintaining certain basic fl uid characteristics. Adherence to the recommended fl uid
47、characteristics will assist in obtaining the desired equipment characteris- tics. Other tests or verifi cation of the integrity of the insulation system are often necessary. The essential properties of insulating fl uids used in transformers must be maintained if the fl uid is to perform its multipl
48、e role as an electrical insulating and heat transfer agent. It must have adequate dielectric strength to withstand the electric stresses imposed in service. It must have a certain combination of thermal conduc- tivity, specifi c heat, and viscosity so that its ability to transfer heat is suffi cient
49、 for the particular equipment. It must have suffi ciently high fl ash point and fi re point to meet safety requirements. The fl uids dielectric losses should not become excessive. The LFH fl uid should not be allowed to become so deteriorated or con- taminated that it adversely affects other materials in the apparatus, nor should deterioration products (sludge) impair its circulation through cooling ducts. If the purpose of using an HMWH is to comply