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1、Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1996 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in the United S
2、tates of America. ISBN 1-55937-569-8 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std C57.91-1995(R2004) (Revision of IEEE Std C57.91-1981, IEEE Std C59.92-1981, and IEEE Std C57
3、.115-1991) IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil- Immersed Transformers Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 21 December 2004 American National Standards Institute Reaffirmed 8 December 2004 Approved 30 April 1998 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: General recomm
4、endations for loading 65 C rise mineral-oil-immersed distribution and power transformers are covered. Keywords: distribution transformer, loading, mineral-oil-immersed, power transformer IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Co
5、ordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as
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7、er goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is
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9、 to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, toget
10、her with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare app
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12、t response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA Authoriz
13、ation to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Cl
14、earance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (508) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. NOTE Attention is called to the possibility that impleme
15、ntation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying all patents for which a
16、 license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. -,-,- iii Introduction (This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.91-1995, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers.) This
17、 guide is applicable to loading 65 C mineral-oil-immersed distribution and power transformers. Guides for loading, IEEE Std C57.91-1981 (prior edition), IEEE Std C57.92-1981, and IEEE Std C57.115-1991 (redesignation of IEEE Std 756) are all combined in this document as the basic theory of transforme
18、r loading is the same, whether the subject is distribution transformers, power transformers 100 MVA and smaller, or transformers larger than 100 MVA. In recognition of different types of construction, special considerations, and the degree of conservatism involved in the loading of this equipment, s
19、pecific clauses are devoted to power transformers and distribution transformers. In the previously referenced information, the guide for units larger than 100 MVA referenced the IEEE Std C57.92-1981 loading guide for units up to and including 100 MVA. In the previous guides, different insulation agi
20、ng curves were used for power transformers and distribution transformers. This was caused by the different evaluation procedures used. The distribution transformer curve was based on aging tests of actual transformers. The power transformer curve was based on aging insulation samples in test contain
21、ers to achieve 50% retention of tensile strength. Investigation of cellulosic insulating materials removed from transformers that had long service life has led knowledgeable people to question the validity of the 50% criteria. One new criteria suggested is 25% retention. This revised guide will perm
22、it the user to select the criteria most acceptable to their need, based on percent strength retention, polymerization index, etc. An insulation aging factor may thus be applied. A per unit life concept and aging acceleration factor were introduced in this loading guide. The equations given may be us
23、ed to calculate percent loss of total insulation life, as has been the practice in earlier editions of the transformer loading guides. The relationship between insulation life and transformer life is a question that remains to be resolved. It is recognized that under the proper conditions, transform
24、er life can well exceed the life of the insulation. The assumed characteristics used in previous guides contained tables of loading capability based on assumed typical transformer characteristics. These assumed characteristics were recognized as not being those of actually built units, which may hav
25、e a wide range of characteristics. In this guide these tables were removed since computer technology permits calculation of loading capability based on specific transformer characteristics. Two methods of calculating temperatures are given in this guide. Clause 7 contains temperature equations simil
26、ar to those used in previous editions of this guide. These equations use the winding hot spot rise over tank top oil and assume that the oil temperature in the cooling ducts is the same as the tank top oil during overloads. Recent research using imbedded thermocouples and fiber optic detectors indic
27、ates that the fluid flow occurring in the windings during transient heating and cooling is an extremely complicated phenomena to describe by simple equations. These recent investigations have shown that during overloads, the temperature of the oil in the winding cooling ducts rises rapidly and excee
28、ds the top-oil temperature in the tank. An alternate set of equations based on this concept is given in annex G. The change of losses with temperature and liquid viscosity effects, and variable ambient temperature was incorporated into the equations. A computer program based on these equations is gi
29、ven for evaluation by the industry. Research in this field is ongoing at this time and may be incorporated into future revisions of this guide. Changes in the guide, in addition to the consolidation, include information to more accurately load transformers operating down to a 30 C ambient, informati
30、on regarding loss of diversity due to cold load pick-up or unusually low ambient temperatures. Transformers rated 55 C rise were generally replaced as a standard offering by most manufacturers about 1966. Their replacements were originally rated 55/65 C and in 1977 the single 65 C rated transformers
31、 became the industry standard offering. The higher temperature ratings are based on thermally upgraded oil-paper-enamel insulation systems. Loading of 55 C insulation system transformers is covered in annex D. Suggestions for improvement gained in the use of this guide will be welcomed. They should
32、be sent to the IEEE Standards Department. -,-,- iv The Accredited Standards Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors, C57, that reviewed and approved this document, had the following membership at the time of approval: P. E. Orehek, Chair vacant, Vice Chair John A. Gauthier, Secretary Ele
33、ctric Light and Power Group E.A. Bertolini T. Diamantis E. Hanus M. C. Mingoia (Alt.) P. Orehek G. Paiva J. Sullivan Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.W. B. Binder J. D. Borst J. H. Harlow J. W. Matthews L. Savio H. D. Smith (Alt.) G. H. Vaillancourt National Electrical Manufacturers
34、 Association G. D. Coulter P. Dewever (Alt.) J. Douglas S. Endersbe A. Ghafourian P. Hopkinson K. R. Linsley R. L. Plaster (Alt.) H. Robin Tennessee Valley Authority.F. Lewis Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. . M. Schacker US Department of Agriculture, REA J. Bohlk US Department of Energy, Western Are
35、a Power Administration.Kenneth C. Wolohon US Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation R. Chadwick US Department of the Navy, Civil Engineering Corps.H. P. Stickley At the time it approved this standard, the IEEE/PES Transformers Committee had the following officers: J. H. Harlow, Chair W.B. Bin
36、der, Vice Chair J. W. Matthews, Secretary Georges Vaillancourt, Standards Coordinator -,-,- v This guide was produced by the IEEE Working Group for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers, which had the following membership: Linden W. Pierce, Chaira M. Altman R. Anderson R. J. Ardolino J. Aubin D.
37、 E. Ayers R. Barker B. Beaster W. B. Binder, Jr. T. Bode C. Chatterji O. O. Chew D. Chu O. Compton J. Cultrera D. H. Douglas D. A. Duckett J. Dutton F. Elliott R. Ensign D. J. Fallon D. L. Galloway C. Garner D. Gerlach D. Goodwin R. L. Grubb G. Hall J. H. Harlow G. Henry P. J. Hopkinson C. P. Kappel
38、er S. Lindgren D. Lowe J. W. Mathews J. W. McGill C. J. McMillen W. J. McNutt R. E. Minkwitz, Sr. C. R. Murray E. T. Norton D. Orten B. K. Patel P. Payne D. D. Perco D. W. Platts J. M. Pollitt A. Rizvi V. S. N. Sankar D. N. Sharma T. Singh M. Springrose T. Stewart C. L. Stiegmeier R. W. Stoner D. Ta
39、kach b J. B. Templeton T. P. Traub D. E. Truax W. B. Uhl R. A. Veitch L. B. Wagenaar F. N. Weffer R. J. Whearty C. W. Williams, Jr. H. J. Windisch W. E. Wrenc a1992-1995 Chair term b1990-1992 Chair term c1985-1990 Chair term The following persons were on the balloting committee: Edward J. Adolphson
40、D. J. Allan Benjamin E Allen Raymond Allustiarti Michael S. Altman J. C. Arnold J. Aubin Thomas R. Balgie Roy A. Bancroft Ron L. Barker David A. Barnard D. L. Basel Wallace B. Binder W. E. Boettger J. V. Bonucchi John D. Borst C. V. Brown M. Cambre D. J. Cash J. L. Corkran Dan W. Crofts John C. Crou
41、se V. Dahinden John N. Davis R. C. Degeneff T. Diamantis David H. Douglas R. F. Dudley John A. Ebert K. Edwards Fred E. Elliott D. J. Fallon Jeffrey A. Fleeman Jerry M. Frank Maurince Frydman Dudley L. Galloway Dennis W. Gerlach A. A. Ghafourian Donald A. Gillies R. S. Girgis Robert L. Grubb F. J. G
42、ryszkiewicz Geoff H. Hall Kenneth S. Hanus Jim H. Harlow Frank W. Heinrichs William R. Henning K. R. Highton Peter J. Hoefler R. H. Hollister Philip J. Hopkinson J. W. Howard Edgar Howells J. Hunt Y. Peter Iijima Anthony J, Jonnatti R. D. Jordan E. Kallaur C. P. Kappeler J. J. Kelly -,-,- vi Sheldon
43、 P. Kennedy William N. Kennedy James P. Kinney Alexander D. Kline J. G. Lackey J. P. Lazar Frank A. Lewis Harold F. Light S. R. Lindgren Larry Lowdermilk Donald L. Lowe Richard I. Lowe David S. Lyon William A. Maguire K. T. Massouda John W. Matthews Jack W. McGill Charles J. McMillen W. J. McNutt Ch
44、arles P. McShane Sam P. Mehta C. Kent Miller C. H. Millian Matthew C. Mingoia Russell E. Minkwitz Michael I. Mitelman Harold R. Moore W. E. Morehart D. H. Mulkey C. R. Murray R. J. Musil William H. Mutschler C. G. Niemann E. T. Norton P. E. Orehek S. H. Osborn Gerald A. Paiva Bipin K. Patel Wesley F
45、. Patterson, Jr J. M. Patton Paulette A. Payne Henry A. Pearce Dan D. Perco Mark D. Perkins V. Q. Pham Linden W. Pierce R. L. Plaster Donald W. Platts Charles T. Raymond Chris A. Robbins R. B. Robertson J. R. Rossetti Mahesh P. Sampat L. J. Savio William E. Saxon Robert W. Scheu Devki N. Sharma V. S
46、henoy H. J. Sire Stephen D. Smith Leonard R. Smith Ronald J. Stahara W. W. Stein Ron Stoner John Sullivan David Sundin David S. Takach Louis A. Tauber James Templeton V. Thenappan Jerry C. Thompson R. W. Thompson James A. Thompson Thomas P. Traub David E. Truax W. Bruce Uhl Georges H. Vaillancourt R
47、obert A. Veitch Loren B. Wagenaar Barry H. Ward R. J. Whearty D. W. Whitley A. L. Wilks Charles W. Williams When the IEEE Standards Board approved this guide on June 14, 1995, it had the following membership: E. G. “Al” Kiener, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A.
48、 Baril Clyde R. Camp Joseph A. Cannatelli Stephen L. Diamond Harold E. Epstein Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* Donald N. Heirman Richard J. Holleman Jim Isaak Ben C. Johnson Sonny Kasturi Lorraine C. Kevra Ivor N. Knight Joseph L. Koepfinger* D. N. “Jim” Logothetis L. Bruce McClung Marco W. Migl
49、iaro Mary Lou Padgett John W. Pope Arthur K. Reilly Gary S. Robinson Ingo Rusch Chee Kiow Tan Leonard L. Tripp *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. AggarwalRichard B. Engelman Robert E. Hebner Chester C. Taylor Rochelle L. Stern IEEE Standards Project Editor -,-,- vii CLAUSEPAGE 1