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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6043-4.9: 1991 Methods of sampling and test for Carbonaceous materials used in aluminium manufacture Part 4: Cold ramming pastes Section 4.9 Determination of the cold crushing strength of baked rammed paste NOTEIt is recommended that this Section be read in conjunction with the g
2、eneral information in BS 6043-4.0, published separately. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Dec 06 14:36:23 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6043-4.9:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Chemicals Standards Policy Committee, was publis
3、hed under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 30 September 1991 BSI 10-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference CIC/24 Draft for comment 90/54849 DC ISBN 0 580 19934 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The pre
4、paration of this British Standard was entrusted by the Chemicals Standards Policy Committee (CIC/-) to Technical Committee CIC/24, upon which the following bodies were represented: Aluminium Federation British Ceramic Research Ltd. Chemical Industries Association Institute of Petroleum Refractories
5、Association of Great Britain Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Dec 06 14:36:23 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6043-4.9:1991 BSI 10-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2Pr
6、inciple1 3Apparatus1 4Materials1 5Sampling1 6Preparation of test samples2 7Procedure2 8Calculation and expression of results2 9Test report2 Figure 1 Typical ancillary adaptor for compression testing machine1 Publication(s) referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed
7、Dec 06 14:36:23 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6043-4.9:1991 ii BSI 10-1999 Foreword This Section of BS 6043 has been prepared under the direction of the Chemicals Standards Policy Committee to provide a method of test for cold ramming pastes used in the production of aluminium. There
8、 is no corresponding International Standard; however, it is intended, upon publication of this Section of BS 6043, that it be offered to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for possible adoption as an International Standard. It is essential to use BS 6043-4.1, BS 6043-4.6 and BS
9、 6043-4.7 in conjunction with this Section of BS 6043. This standard describes a method of test only, and should not be used or quoted as a specification defining the characteristics of a product. Reference to this Section should indicate that the method of test used is in accordance with BS 6043-4.
10、9:1991. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document co
11、mprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 and 2, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sh
12、effieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Dec 06 14:36:23 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6043-4.9:1991 BSI 10-19991 1 Scope This Section of BS 6043 describes a method for the determination of the cold crushing strength of baked rammed cold ramming pastes used in aluminium manufacture. NOTEThe ti
13、tles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Principle A baked test piece of known dimensions is produced from a test sample of cold ramming paste by ramming under regulated conditions followed by baking according to a defined programme. The baked test
14、 piece is subjected under specified conditions to a steadily increasing compressive load until failure occurs, i.e. when the test piece cannot support a further increase in load. The crushing strength is calculated from the maximum load indicated at failure and the cross-sectional area over which th
15、e load is applied. 3 Apparatus 3.1 Ramming apparatus, and the other apparatus described in clause 4 of BS 6043-4.7:1991. 3.2 Mechanical or hydraulic compression testing machine, conforming to grade 2.0 of BS 1610-1, fitted if necessary with an adaptor see item c) and Figure 1. The machine, or ancill
16、ary adaptor if fitted, shall have the following features: a) the steel platens shall have a Rockwell hardness value of 58.0 HRC to 62.1 HRC (Vickers hardness 650 HV to 750 HV, see BS 860); b) the platens shall be ground plane to a flatness tolerance of 0.03 mm over the area to be in contact with the
17、 test piece, and shall have an arithmetical mean deviation of the profile (Ra) not greater than 3.2 m when determined in accordance with BS 1134-1; c) the upper platen shall work on a seating that will compensate for small deviations from parallelism between the platen and the test piece and shall o
18、verlap the entire cross-sectional area of the test piece by at least 2 mm. A testing machine whose upper platen does not comply with the size specified in 3.2 c) and d) shall be used in conjunction with an ancillary adaptor, such as that shown in Figure 1, placed centrally between the platens of the
19、 machine. d) both platens shall have a diameter or side length no greater than 110 mm; e) the lower platen shall have its centre clearly marked and have concentric circles scribed to assist in positioning the test piece so as to achieve coaxial loading. 4 Materials 4.1 Metallurgical or regular-grade
20、 petroleum coke, as described in 5.1 of BS 6043-4.7:1991. 4.2 Plane (non-corrugated) paperboard or strawboard, of thickness between 3 mm and 4 mm. 4.3 Refractory cement, as described in 5.2 of BS 6043-4.7:1991. 5 Sampling Prepare a representative laboratory sample of cold ramming paste in accordance
21、 with BS 6043-4.1. Figure 1 Typical ancillary adaptor for compression testing machine Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Dec 06 14:36:23 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6043-4.9:1991 2 BSI 10-1999 6 Preparation of test samples Prepare three groups of test samples, each com
22、prising at least three test samples, from the laboratory sample (clause 5) by the method described in 7.1 and 7.2 of BS 6043-4.7:1991. 7 Procedure 7.1 Preparation of baked test pieces Prepare three groups, each comprising three rammed test pieces 50 mm in diameter and 50 2 mm in height, from the tes
23、t samples (see clause 6) by the procedure described in 8.1 of BS 6043-4.7:1991 using the ramming apparatus (3.1). If the cold ramming paste requires pre-curing before being baked, pre-cure the test pieces in accordance with 8.3 of BS 6043-4.7:1991. Bake the rammed test pieces by the procedure descri
24、bed in 8.4 of BS 6043-4.7:1991. Dry the baked test pieces at 110 5 C for 2 h and allow them to cool to ambient temperature in a desiccator. 7.2 Measurement of parallelism Make four measurements of the height of each baked test piece (see 7.1) at the extremities of two perpendicular diameters. Correc
25、t any discrepancies greater than 1.0 mm between any two measurements of the height by machining the test piece in accordance with 7.4. 7.3 Measurement of perpendicularity Place one perpendicular edge of a set square in contact with a horizontal plane surface and set the other perpendicular edge vert
26、ically. Place the baked test piece (see 7.1) on one end face on the plane surface and successively bring the side of the test piece into contact with the vertical edge of the set square at each of the four positions corresponding to the height measurements. Measure the maximum gap between the set sq
27、uare and the test piece at each location. Correct any discrepancy in perpendicularity greater than 1 mm by machining the test piece in accordance with 7.4. 7.4 Correction of discrepancies in parallelism or perpendicularity Machine any baked test pieces with discrepancies in parallelism (7.2) or perp
28、endicularity (7.3) greater than 1 mm to bring it within the required tolerance whilst maintaining a height of 50 2 mm and a diameter of 50 2 mm. Reject any test pieces which cannot be corrected in this way, i.e. by machining, and prepare replacement baked test pieces from fresh test samples (see cla
29、use 6). 7.5 Measurement of cross-sectional area Measure two perpendicular diameters of each baked test piece at one-third of its height and a further two perpendicular diameters at two-thirds of its height. Measure to the nearest 0.1 mm and calculate the mean of the four measurements to the nearest
30、0.1 mm. Calculate the cross-sectional area of each of the test pieces in square millimetres. 7.6 Determination Perform the following determination for each of the nine baked test pieces (see 7.1). Place the test piece centrally between the platens of the testing machine (3.2), interposing the paperb
31、oard or strawboard (4.2) between the platens and the loadbearing faces of the test piece. Select a load range on the testing machine (3.2) so that the expected load at failure is within the calibrated range of the machine. Apply the load smoothly and continuously, increasing the stress at a rate of
32、1.0 0.1 N/mm2s until the test piece fails, i.e. until the load value on the compression testing machine ceases to increase. Record the maximum load, in newtons. 8 Calculation and expression of results Calculate the crushing strength C of each of the test pieces, in N/mm2, using the following equatio
33、n: where: Calculate the mean crushing strength for each of the three groups of baked test pieces (see 7.1) and express the results for each group to three significant figures. 9 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) a complete identification of the material being te
34、sted; b) a reference to this British Standard, i.e. BS 6043-4.9:1991; c) the conditions of preparation (see 7.1), whether an ancillary adaptor has been employed (see 3.2) and the mean crushing strength of each of the three groups of test pieces, calculated and expressed according to clause 8; d) any
35、 unusual features noted during the determination; e) any operation not included in this British Standard or regarded as optional. Fmaxis the maximum load recorded at failure (see 7.6) (in N); Ais the cross-sectional area of the test piece (see 7.5) (in mm2). C Fmax A -= Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sh
36、effieldun, na, Wed Dec 06 14:36:23 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6043-4.9:1991 BSI 10-1999 Publication(s) referred to BS 860, Tables for comparison of hardness scales. BS 1134, Assessment of surface texture. BS 1134-1, Methods and instrumentation. BS 1610, Materials testing machines
37、and force verification equipment. BS 1610-1, Specification for the grading of the forces applied by materials testing machines. BS 6043, Methods of sampling and test for carbonaceous materials used in aluminium manufacture. BS 6043-4, Cold ramming pastes. BS 6043-4.0, General introduction1). BS 6043
38、-4.1, Methods of sampling. BS 6043-4.6, Maximum rammed apparent density2). BS 6043-4.7, Preparation of baked rammed test pieces and determination of baked apparent density, change in volume and loss in mass. 1) Referred to on the front cover only. 2) Referred to in the foreword only. Licensed Copy:
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