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1、 IEEE Std 998-1996(R2002) IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations Sponsor Substations Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Reaffirmed 20 March 2002 IEEE-SA Standards Board Approved 19 April 1996 IEEE Standards Board Approved 11 September 1996 American National Stan
2、dards Institute Abstract: Design information for the methods historically and typically applied by substation designers to minimize direct lightning strokes to equipment and buswork within substations is provided. Two approaches, the classical empirical method and the electrogeometric model, are pre
3、sented in detail. A third approach involving the use of active lightning terminals is also briefly reviewed. Keywords: direct stroke shielding, lightning stroke protection, substations The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394 Copyright
4、 1996 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-55937-768-2 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval or otherwise, without the prior written permissi
5、on of the publisher. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 10:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Standard
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18、gineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 10:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 998-1996, IEEE Guide for Direct
19、 Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations (ANSI). This guide was prepared by the Direct Stroke Shielding of Substations Working Group of the Substations Committee, Transmission Substations Subcommittee. Work on this guide began in 1973 and many former members made contributions towards its completi
20、on. The membership of the working group during the preparation of this draft was as follows: R. J. Wehling , Chair Nelson Barbeito , Vice Chair John R. Clayton , Secretary Hanna E. Abdallah P. Chowdhuri Steve L. Duong Dennis R. Falkenheim George Flaig Dave L. Goetz William A. Griego Richard J. Hellw
21、eg Abdul M. Mousa Robert S. Nowell J. Ted Orrell Jan Panek R. J. Perina Don Rogers Pankaj K. Sen Frank C. Shainauskas W. Keith Switzer Edgar R. Taylor Aung Thaik Former working group members who made signicant contributions towards development of the guide were as follows: Gary D. Behrens Ivan B. Cl
22、evenger George W. Crouch William H. Dainwood Frank J. Jaskowiak A. P. (Paul) Johnson Zlatko Kapelina Frank F. Kluge Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 1
23、0:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv The following persons were on the balloting committee: William J. Ackerman S. J. Arnot A. C. Baker Nelson Barbeito G.J. Bartok Burhan Becer Kevin M. Bevins Michael J. Bio Kenneth L. Black Charles Blattner W.R. Block
24、 Steven A. Boggs Philip C. Bolin Steven D. Brown James C. Burke John B. Cannon Daniel Charbonnet Frank Y. Chu D.Mason Clark J. R. Clayton Robert Corlew Richard Cottrell Eugene F. Counsel William Daily Frank A. Denbrock Clifford C. Diemond W. Bruce Dietzman Terry Doern Claude Durand Gary R. Engmann J
25、ames W. Evans Ron J. Farquharson Lenard N. Ferguson David Lane Garrett Floyd W. Greenway John Grzan David L. Harris R.J. Hellweg John E. Holladay Mike L. Holm Kenneth Jackson Zlatko Kapelina Richard P. Keil Alan E. Kollar T. L. Krummrey Luther W. Kurtz Donald N. Laird Lawrence M. Laskowski Alfred A.
26、 Leibold C.T. Lindeberg H. Peter Lips Rusko Matulic John D. McDonald Thomas S. McLenahan A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos Abdul M. Mousa Philip R. Nannery R. S. Nowell Edward V. Olavarria J. Ted Orrell James S. Oswald Shashi G. Patel Raymond J. Perina K. Pettersson Walter Prystajecky J. F. Quinata B. Don Rus
27、sell Jakob Sabath Samuel C. Sciacca F. C. Shainauskas June Singletary Lee H. Smith Robert C. Sodergren Bodo Sojka Robert C. St. Clair Robert P. Stewart W. Keith Switzer Stanley R. Sykes John T. Tengdin Hemchand Thakar Charles F. Todd Duane R. Torgerson L. F. Volf R. J. Wehling W. M. Werner Bahman Ya
28、min-Afshar Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 10:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- v The nal conditions fo
29、r approval of this standard were met on 19 April 1996. This standard was conditionally approved by the IEEE Standards Board on 14 March 1996, with the following membership: Donald C. Loughry , Chair Richard J. Holleman , Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem , Secretary Gilles A. Baril Clyde R. Camp Joseph A.
30、Cannatelli Stephen L. Diamond Harold E. Epstein Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* Donald N. Heirman Ben C. Johnson E. G. Al Kiener Joseph L. Koepfinger* Stephen R. Lambert Lawrence V. McCall L. Bruce McClung Marco W. Migliaro Mary Lou Padgett John W. Pope Jose R. Ramos Arthur K. Reilly Ronald H. R
31、eimer Gary S. Robinson Ingo Rsch John S. Ryan Chee Kiow Tan Leonard L. Tripp Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. AggarwalAlan H. CooksonChester C. Taylor Kristin M. Dittmann IEEE Standards Project Editor Copyright The
32、Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 10:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- vi PAGE 1. Overview.1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose. 1
33、 1.3 Definitions 2 2. Lightning stroke phenomena.3 2.1 Charge formation in clouds 3 2.2 Stroke formation 4 2.3 Strike distance 5 2.4 Stroke current magnitude. 8 2.5 Keraunic level 9 2.6 Ground flash density 9 2.7 Lightning detection networks. 11 3. The design problem.12 4. Empirical design methods.1
34、3 4.1 Fixed angles . 14 4.2 Origin of empirical curves . 15 4.3 Application of empirical curves. 18 5. The electrogeometric model (EGM).21 5.1 History 21 5.2 A revised EGM 23 5.3 Application of the EGM4 by the rolling sphere method 31 5.4 Application of revised EGM by Mousa and Srivastava method 39
35、5.5 Calculation of failure probability. 42 6. Active lightning terminals.42 7. Bibliography43 Annex A (Informative) Empirical shielding curves49 Annex B (Informative) Sample calculations 53 Annex C (Informative) Calculation of corona radius and surge impedance under corona 125 Annex D (Informative)
36、Calculation of failure probability .128 Annex E (Informative) IEEE questionnaire1991 .130 Annex F (Informative) The Dainwood method .147 Annex G (Informative) Direct lightning stroke protection 148 Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license wi
37、th IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 10:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 1 IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations 1. Overview 1.1 Scope The scope of this guide is the identication and
38、discussion of design procedures to provide direct stroke shielding of outdoor distribution, transmission, and generating plant substations. All known methods of shielding from direct strokes were investigated during the preparation of this guide, and information is provided on two methods found to b
39、e widely used: a)The classical empirical method b)The electrogeometric model A third approach, which involves the use of active lightning terminals, is briey reviewed in clause 6. This guide does not purport to include all shielding methods that may have been developed. The guide also does not addre
40、ss protection from surges entering a substation over power or communication lines or the personnel safety issues. Users of this guide should thoroughly acquaint themselves with all factors that relate to the design of a particular installation and use good engineering judgment in the application of
41、the methods given here, particularly with respect to the importance and value of the equipment being protected. 1.2 Purpose The intent of this guide is to provide design information for the methods historically and typically applied by substation designers to minimize direct lightning strokes to equ
42、ipment and buswork within substations. The general nature of lightning is discussed in clause 2 and the problems associated with providing protection from direct strikes are described in clause 3. The methods reviewed in this guide for designing a system of protection are explained in clauses 4 and
43、5, and sample calculations are given in annex B to illustrate use of the methods. Clause 7 contains an extensive bibliography for further study of the subject. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standar
44、ds 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/20/2007 10:24:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 2 Copyright 1996 IEEE All Rights Reserved IEEE Std 998-1996IEEE GUIDE FOR DIRECT LIGHTNING STROKE 1.3 Definitions The defi nitions of terms contained in this document are not
45、 intended to embrace all legitimate meanings of the terms. They may only be applicable to the subject treated in this document. For additional defi nitions refer to IEEE Std 100- 1992 B44 1 . 1.3.1 critical stroke amplitude: The amplitude of the current of the lightning stroke that, upon terminating
46、 on the phase conductor, would raise the voltage of the conductor to a level at which fl ashover is likely. 1.3.2 dart leader: The downward leader of a subsequent stroke of a multiple-stroke lightning fl ash. 1.3.3 effective shielding: That which permits lightning strokes no greater than those of cr
47、itical amplitude (less design margin) to reach phase conductors. 1.3.4 electrogeometric model (EGM): A geometrical representation of a facility, that, together with suitable analytical expressions correlating its dimensions to the current of the lightning stroke, is capable of predicting if a lightn
48、ing stroke will terminate on the shielding system, the earth, or the element of the facility being protected. 1.3.5 electrogeometric model theory: The theory describing the electrogeometric model together with the related quantitative analyses including the correlation between the striking distances to the different elements of the model and the amplitude of the fi rst return stroke. 1.3.6 ground fl ash density (GFD): The average number of lightning strokes per unit area per unit time at a particular location. 1.3.7 isokeraunic lines: Lines on a map