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1、9 485L903 Ob07735 74 D I NT ER NAT I O NAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 12087-1 First edition 1995-04-1 5 Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) - Functional specification - Part I: Common architecture for imaging Technologies de linformation - I
2、nfographie et traitement de limage - Traitement de limage et change (/PI) - Spcification fonctionnelle - Partie I: Architecture commune pour limage Reference number ISO/IEC 12087-1 :1995(E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS E
3、mployees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 4851903 Ob07736 700 ISO/IEC 12087-1 :1995 (E) Contents 1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4、. . . . 1 2 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Definitions and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2 Abbreviations 5 3.3 Diagrammatic Conventions . 5 4.1.1 IPI imaging model 7
5、4.1.2 IPI operator processing model 8 4.2 IPI basic data types . 9 4.2.1 IPI elementary data types . 10 4.2.2 IPI compound data types 10 4.3.1 IPI derived elementary image data types . 11 4.3.2 IPI derived compound image data types 11 4.3.3 IPI derived image attributes 13 4.4 IPI derived non-image d
6、ata types 14 4.4.1 IPI derived image annotation data types 14 4.4.2 IPI derived image-related non-image data types 14 5.1 IPI-PIKS imaging model . 16 5.1.1 IPI-PIKS neighbourhood control 16 5.1.2 IPI-PIKS image control 17 5.2 IPI-PIKS system control . 17 5.2.1 Data object management 17 5.2.2 Operati
7、onal synchronicity . 18 5.2.3 Element chaining . 18 5.2.4 Error management 18 5.3 IPI-PIKS basic data types . 18 5.3.1 IPI-PIKS elementary data types . 18 5.3.2 IPI-PIKS compound data types . 19 IPI-PIKS derived image data descriptions 22 IPI-PIKS derived data types 22 IPI-PIKS compound image data t
8、ypes . 22 5.4.3 Composite images 23 IPI-PIKS image object attributes 24 5.5 IPI-PIKS derived non-image data structures 26 5.6 IPI-PIKS data pragmata 34 3.1 Definitions 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The IPI architecture 7 7 4.1 IPI imaging archi
9、tecture 4.3 IPI image data types 11 5 IPI-PIKS architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.4 0 ISO/IEC 1995 All rights reserved . Unless otherwise specified. no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
10、or by any means. electronic or mechanical. including photocopying and microfilm. without permission in writing from the publisher . Printed in Switzerland ISO/IEC Copyright Office Case postale 56 CH-121 1 Genve 20 Switzerland 11 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IH
11、S under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 4851903 Ob07737 647 = ISO/IEC SO/ EC 12087- 1 : 1 995 (E) 6 IPI-IIF-specific architecture . . . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.1 IPI-IIF imaging model . 35 6.2 IPI-IIF basic data types 35 6.3 IPI-IIF derived data types . 36 6.3.1 IPI-IIF derived image data types . 36 6.3.2 IPI-IIF image attributes . 36 6.3.3 IPI-IIF derived non-image data types . 37 6.3.3.1 IPI-IIF im
13、age annotation data types 37 6.3.3.2 IPI-IIF image-related non-image data types 37 7 Relationship between IPI-PIKS and IPI-IIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 8 Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 8.1 Con
14、formance of functionality 42 8.2 Conformance of accuracy and precision . 42 8.3 Extensions . 42 8.4.1 Types of profile 43 8.4.2 Application profile registration 44 8.4 Conformance profiles . 43 8.4.3 Profiles defined by IPI . 44 Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A Structured image data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 B Structure codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 C The representation of colour . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 D Language-Independent Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 D.l Bit 56 D.2 Boolean 56 D.3 Character . 57 D.4 Complex 58 D.5 Enumerated 58 D.6 Null . 59 D.7 Integer . 59 D.8 Real . 60 D.9 State . 61
17、 D.10Array 61 D.11Choice . 62 D.12List . 63 D.13Pointer . 64 D.14Range 65 D.15Record . 65 D.16Set 66 D.17 Character String . 67 D.18Table 68 E Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 . 111 Copyright International Organization for Stan
18、dardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOAEC 12087-1 11995 (E) D 4853903 Ob07738 583 ISOAEC List of figures 1 Relationship o
19、f the parts of ISODEC 12087 . 2 2 Diagrammaticconventions 6 3 Interfaces between application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF 8 4 Fundamental operator processing model 9 5 The operator model used by IPI-PIKS 16 6 Relationship Between a Physical Volume and IPI-PIKS Horizontal, Vertical. and Depth Coord
20、inates . 23 7 Aggregation of Image References into a List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8 Colour Systems and Representations Used by IPI 50 iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees
21、/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOAEC List of tables 4853903 Ob07739 43T ISO/IEC 12087-1:1995 (E) Codes for the externally-visible representations of IPI-PIKS-specific data types . . . . . .
22、 . . . . IPI-IF profiles that correspond to IPI-PIKS profiles 44 X Y 2 tristimulus values for the white points of common illuminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supported types of colour representation. and their attributes . Parameter values for the standardized colour representations (non-no
23、rmative) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 21 Dimensions of an IPI-PIKS Data Object . 22 IPI-PIKS profiles that correspond to IPI-IIF profiles 45 51 53 Standardized parameterisations of colours 53 Mappings Between Colours and Image Channels 55 V Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provid
24、ed by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 12087-1 1995 (E) ISO/IEC Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) and I
25、EC (the Inter- national Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of IS0 or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal wit
26、h particular fields of technical activity. IS0 and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS0 and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, IS0 and IEC hav
27、e established a joint technical committee, ISOAEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Internation
28、al Standard ISOAEC 12087-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISOAEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics and image processing. ISOAEC 12087 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing
29、 - Image processing and interchange (IPI) - Functional specification: - Part I: Common architecture for imaging - Part 2: Programmers imaging kernel system application programme interface - Part 3: Image Interchange Facility (IIF) Annexes A to D form an integral part of this part of ISOAEC 12087. An
30、nex E is for information only. vi Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOfiEC
31、 ISO/IEC 12087-11995 (E) Introduction The processing of images is a requirement of many application areas of information processing. Early work in these areas led to the development of many application program interfaces and a large number of image representations for interchange. The purpose of ISO
32、/IEC 12087 is to provide an application program interface and an image interchange representation in order to increase the portability of application software. ISO/IEC 12087 provides an architectural model for the representation and manipulation of images in a digital form. Based on this model, it d
33、efines an application program interface and an image interchange format. It is applicable to all application areas that involve the processing, manipulation, or transfer of image data. ISOAEC 12087 includes notes and exemplary material, Such material is non-normative: it is included solely to aid un
34、derstanding and does not form part of ISO/IEC 12087. ISOAEC 12087 initially comprises three parts: 1 Common architecture for imaging, which describes the common architectural material on which the entire Standard is based: 2 Programmers imaging kernel system application program in terface, which def
35、ines processing opera- 3 Image Interchange Facility (IIF), which defines how images may be interchanged between application tions to be carried out on image data; programs. Information may be interchanged between the application program, Programmers Imaging Kernel System (IPI-PIKS), and Image Interc
36、hange Facility (IPI-IIF) (see figure ). Data paths between all three components are standardized in ISOAEC 12087, as indicated by the solid lines; however, it is also permitted that imple- mentations may use private, implementation-dependent data paths, shown by dashed lines; such data paths are out
37、side the scope of ISO/IEC 12087. There are a great many types of application that involve the use of images. The Computer Graphics Reference Model IS0 110721 identifies six main function classes (see figure 0.1): image analysis - transformation of digital images to image and non-image data; this enc
38、ompasses basic func- tions such as histogram generation, mean value determination, image classification, etc., but does not include image understanding using artificial intelligence techniques. image interpretation - the process of inferring symbolic scene descriptions from image data. image present
39、ation - transformation of image data to a form suitable for an observer; e.g., via video monitors, image processing - transformation of digital images to digital images; e.g., grey value contrast enhancement, image sensing - transformation of real-world information to digital images; e.g., via camer
40、as, optical scan- printers, film recorders, etc. edge detection, etc. ners, etc. image synthesis - transformation of non-image data to image data; this encompasses functions such as the rendering of lines, creation of test images, simulation of sensor functions, letters of graphical text and symbols
41、, etc. vii Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- m 4851903 Ob07742 TO4 m ISOAEC
42、 12087-1 1995 (E) y 1 PIKS ISOAEC standardized data flow implementation-dependent data flow - - - - - - - Figure 0.1 - Data flow between the application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF As figure indicates, all these function classes involve the manipulation of a digital image; some function classes a
43、lso require information that is related to the data contained in the digital image but is itself non-image in nature. This image-related information is essential to many of the common operations performed on digital images and is therefore also described by ISO/IEC 12087. ISOAEC 12087 is also concer
44、ned with image interchange, the interchange of digital images among imaging applications; this serves for the communication of image data and related non-image data among imaging applications. The term digital image used in IS0 110721 is synonymous with the term image as used in ISOAEC 12087. It is
45、important to realize the distinction between image (or digital image) as used in ISOAEC 12087 and the term image as it may be used colloquially: in ISOAEC 12087, image (or digital image) refers to a particular representation of image data within a computer system. An image may not be viewed directly
46、. To view an image, an explicit presentation step is involved, as figure indicates. Image data that are in a form suitable for viewing by an observer are termed presentable image data in ISOAEC 12087. NOTE 1 Some application areas, which might loosely be termed “image understanding,” utilize data de
47、rived from a n image by means of some analysis; such applications are therefore omitted from this ISOAEC 12087. However, ISOAEC 12087 may be used by such applications. This part of ISOAEC 12087 fulfills the following purposes: a) It provides an overview of ISOAEC 12087; b) It defines a Common Archit
48、ecture for Imaging, an abstract architectural model for the representation . v111 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 08:55:08 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- W 4851703 Ob07743 740 D Real World ISOAEC Sensing ? Image Processing ISO/IEC 12087-1 :1995 (E) Presentation observer Figure 0.2 - Classes of operation