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1、 Reference number ISO 15536-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15536-1 First edition 2005-05-01 Ergonomics Computer manikins and body templates Part 1: General requirements Ergonomie Mannequins informatiss et gabarits humains Partie 1: Exigences gnrales Copyright International Organizatio
2、n for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 15536-1:2005(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. I
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7、-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2005 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001
8、 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 15536-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Accuracy2 5 Usability .3 6 Docume
9、ntation4 Annex A (informative) Factors affecting the anthropometric accuracy of manikins and of the analyses and determinations performed using them .7 Bibliography .12 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1
10、/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 15536-1:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
11、member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, govern
12、mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Di
13、rectives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member b
14、odies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15536-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Te
15、chnical Committee CEN/TC 122, Ergonomics, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). ISO 15536 consists of the following parts,
16、under the general title Ergonomics Computer manikins and body templates: Part 1: General requirements The following parts are under preparation: Part 2: Structures and dimensions Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical S
17、tandards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 15536-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved v Introduction The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows. a) Type-A standards (basis st
18、andards) give basic concepts, principle for design, and general aspects that can be applied to machinery. b) Type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one or more safety aspect(s) or one or more type(s) of safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery: type-B1 standards
19、 on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise); type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure-sensitive devices, guards). c) Type-C standards (machinery safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a part
20、icular machine or group of machines. This part of ISO 15536 is a type-B standard as stated in ISO 12100-1. When provisions of a type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B standards, the provisions of the type-C standard take precedence over the provisions of the ot
21、her standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of the type-C standard. This part of ISO 15536 concerns requirements which are, to a great extent, independent both of the state of the art in the currently rapidly developing field of computer manikins and body
22、 templates, and of the availability of up-to-date, detailed and representative anthropometric data. The physical characteristics of the human body are one of the starting points in the design of spaces, furniture, machines and other equipment. Computer technology is advancing rapidly and allows the
23、construction of computer manikins to model the human body and to simulate human activities. Anthropometrically accurate manikins or body templates can be used, for example, to visualize the geometric relationship between the human body and the physical environment. Various functions of evaluation ca
24、n also be integrated into the manikin and manikin system, for example, indication of reach zones, visualization of viewing fields, biomechanical calculation of required strength, and simulation of movements. Computer manikins are intended to reduce the need for real test persons and the evaluation o
25、f physical models and prototypes. However, real persons provide not only their true physical dimensions but also their differing functional and perceptual capabilities as well as their assessment of the ease of performance, comfort and other properties of the design (see ISO 15537). The computer man
26、ikin permits quick, easy and early identification of possible dimensional shortcomings. Critical dimensions restricting operations, such as fitting into a confined space or reaching objects can be quickly assessed in relation to extreme body measurements. The dimensioning would otherwise require tes
27、ts with a large number of test persons. In the use of manikins, several ergonomic aspects (e.g. anthropometric, postural, visual, strength-related, dynamic) are addressed in one and the same test situation. As a universal design tool, the manikin is particularly useful for entirely novel designs, wh
28、en no recommendations on the dimensions exist and no reference situations for full-scale evaluation are available. In the design process, the use of computer modelling with a manikin facilitates information exchange and collaboration between different specialists and users. Copyright International O
29、rganization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 15536-1:2005(E) vi ISO 2005 All rights reserved When used appropriat
30、ely, computer manikins accelerate the entire design process and reduce the costs of designing. The ergonomic design process is presented as a whole in EN 614-1. The use of computer manikins does not ensure appropriate design solutions automatically, and they can even be misused. The designer may use
31、 them inappropriately, for example, by permitting awkward postures, or by providing too little space for movements. It is possible that he or she is not aware of the inherent limitations of computer manikins, either in anthropometric, postural or biomechanical respects. As the complexity of the mani
32、kin systems increases, the links to the data on these human characteristics can also become difficult or impossible to trace. The manikins and manikin systems available so far vary with respect to the functions and features they afford, as well as to their accuracy and usability. At the present deve
33、lopmental stage, the most sophisticated manikin systems may require powerful hardware and specially trained users, and they may be unavailable to many designers. The most simple ones may be easy to use but are of restricted value for designing. The systems may also differently emphasise such compone
34、nts as anthropometric accuracy, biomechanical capabilities, graphical visualisation, geometric design, simulation and animation. The choice of manikin and the associated design system is, to a great extent, a trade-off between these different features. Broad experience of the field and a high level
35、of care are necessary when choosing and using the manikin system, and for controlling the effects of other external parameters, however sophisticated the manikin system may be. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Sta
36、ndards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15536-1:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1 Ergonomics Computer manikins and body templates Part 1: General requirements IMPORTANT The appli
37、cation of this part of ISO 15536 should be verified by practical tests with real persons. 1 Scope This part of ISO 15536 establishes the general requirements for the design and development of computer manikins, body templates and manikin systems. It addresses their anthropometric and biomechanical p
38、roperties, taking into account their usability and restrictions for structural complexity and functional versatility, and is also intended as a guide for the selection of manikins and manikin systems and for the evaluation of their accuracy and usability for the specified use. It specifies the docum
39、entation of the characteristics of manikins and manikin systems and their intended use, for the guidance of their users. It provides means for ensuring that computer manikins and body templates for the design of work space are appropriately accurate and reliable in their anthropometric and biomechan
40、ical aspects. It aims to ensure that users of manikins are able to choose an appropriate manikin system for particular design tasks and use it in an appropriate way. It sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin, but provides recommendations on the other factors that can influence
41、the accuracy of the analyses and determinations performed using them. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced d
42、ocument (including any amendments) applies. ISO 7250, Basic human body measurements for technological design ISO 9241-11, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) Part 11: Guidance on usability ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for
43、 design Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology EN 614-1, Safety of machinery Ergonomic design principles Part 1: Terminology and general principles 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100-1 and the following apply. 3.1 computer manikin
44、two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) graphical computer representation of the human body based on anthropometric measurements, link and joint structure, and movement characteristics Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NAS
45、A Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 19:52:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 15536-1:2005(E) 2 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 3.2 computer manikin system computer modelling system consisting of a computer manikin, tools for contro
46、lling and manipulating the manikin (e.g. posture, anthropometric measurements), functions for mimicking human characteristics and behaviour (e.g. biomechanical, strength, movements), and means to position the manikin in relation to the computer model of the physical environment 3.3 body template phy
47、sical two-dimensional, usually articulated, contour model of the human body based on anthropometric measurements 4 Accuracy 4.1 General Several factors affect the accuracy of the analysis and determinations performed with the help of a manikin. Some depend on the anthropometric, structural, function
48、al and biomechanical accuracy of the manikin itself; some on the knowledge and experience of the user of the manikin, for example, how appropriately the fine adjustments of the posture are done, or how deep the manikin is set in a cushioned seat surface. The required accuracy depends on the work tasks and the criticality of the dimensions (e.g. access, reach). This part of ISO 15536 sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin (see 4.2 to 4.3), but provides recommendations on the other factors w