《ISO-16148-2006.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ISO-16148-2006.pdf（28页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 Reference number ISO 16148:2006(E) ISO 2006 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16148 First edition 2006-05-01 Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders Acoustic emission testing (AT) for periodic inspection Bouteilles gaz Bouteilles gaz rechargeables sans soudure Essais dmmision acoustique pour
2、 contrle priodique Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16148:2006(E) PDF discla
3、imer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties ac
4、cept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the
5、 file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2006 All rig
6、hts reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of th
7、e requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license wit
8、h ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16148:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Operational pr
9、inciples.2 5 Personnel qualification .3 6 Special considerations to ensure valid tests3 7 Apparatus .4 8 Calibration and equipment verification.6 9 Overall procedure6 10 Real-time evaluation criteria.7 11 Test report8 Annex A (normative) Instrumentation specifications10 Annex B (informative) Alterna
10、tive method for source location12 Annex C (informative) Example instrument settings, examination methods and rejection criteria for modal acoustic emission (MAE).15 Annex D (informative) Distance amplitude correction procedures18 Bibliography21 Copyright International Organization for Standardizatio
11、n Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16148:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Sta
12、ndardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the righ
13、t to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International
14、Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
15、 International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 1
16、6148 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders, Subcommittee SC 4, Operational requirements for gas cylinders, in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 23, Transportable gas cylinders, of the European Committee for Standardization. Copyright International Organization for
17、Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16148:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction In recent years, new non-d
18、estructive examination (NDE) techniques have been successfully introduced as an alternative to the conventional re-testing procedures of gas cylinders, tubes and other cylinders. One of the alternative NDE methods for certain applications is acoustic emission testing (AT), which has proved to be an
19、acceptable testing method applied during periodic inspection in some countries. The test method requires pressurization to a level greater than the normal filling pressure. The pressurization medium may be either gas or liquid. Acoustic emission (AE) measurements are used to detect and locate emissi
20、on sources. Other NDE methods are needed to evaluate the significance of AE detected sources. Procedures for other NDE techniques are beyond the scope of this International Standard. For example, shear wave, angle beam ultrasonic inspection is commonly used to establish the exact position and dimens
21、ions of flaws that produce AE. This International Standard includes two methods of AT and, for the purpose of differentiation, the methods are addressed as Method A and Method B (see Clause 3). With the agreement of the testing and certifying body approved by the competent authority of the country o
22、f approval, the hydraulic pressure test of cylinders and tubes may be replaced by an equivalent method based on acoustic emission. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007
23、 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking perm
24、itted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16148:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Gas cylinders Refillable seamless steel gas cylinders Acoustic emission testing (AT) for periodic inspection 1 Scope This International Standard is a guideline for using acoustic emission tes
25、ting (AT) during re-qualification of seamless steel cylinders and tubes of water capacity up to 3 000 l used for compressed and liquefied gases. For cylinders below 20 l additional precautions may be taken due to the potential reflections from the ends. This examination provides indications and loca
26、tions that should be evaluated by another examination for a possible flaw in the cylinder. This International Standard covers monolithic steel cylinders. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the e
27、dition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6406, Gas cylinders Seamless steel gas cylinders Periodic inspection and testing ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration labor
28、atories EN 1330-9, Non-destructive testing Terminology Part 9: Terms used in acoustic emission testing EN 13477-1, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Equipment characterisation Part 1: Equipment description EN 13477-2, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Equipment characterisation Part
29、2: Verification of operating characteristic 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-9 and the following apply. 3.1 fracture critical flaw defect that is large enough to exhibit unstable crack growth under certain service conditions 3.2 wo
30、rking pressure settled pressure at a uniform temperature of 288 K (15 C) for a full gas cylinder with the maximum permissible charge of compressed gas NOTE 1 In North America service pressure is often used to indicate a similar condition, usually at 21,1 C (70 F). NOTE 2 For compressed gases, this v
31、alue is usually stamped on the cylinder. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16
32、148:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3.3 normal filling pressure level to which a receptacle is pressurized during filling NOTE This is usually greater than the marked working pressure due to the heat of compression. 3.4 acoustic emission test pressure AE test pressure maximum pressure at whic
33、h acoustic emission testing is performed 3.5 maximum allowable pressure maximum pressure a receptacle may experience NOTE For liquefied gases, this is the developed pressure at the maximum service temperature (e.g. 65 C). 3.6 acoustic emission pressure test range range of pressure during which acous
34、tic emission is monitored 3.7 Method A acoustic emission testing performed during pneumatic pressurization to at least 110 % of the normal filling pressure 3.8 Method B acoustic emission testing performed during the hydrostatic proof pressurization to the re-test pressure 3.9 secondary AE sources em
35、issions other than actual crack propagation and plastic deformation NOTE Contact between flaw surfaces as the cylinder expands, fracture or rubbing of mill scale within a flaw as the cylinder expands are examples of secondary AE sources. 4 Operational principles When cylinders containing flaws are p
36、ressurized, stress waves (AE) can be produced by several different sources (e.g. secondary sources or actual propagation of cracks). These sources can produce AE at pressures less than, equal to or greater than working pressure. The stress waves travel throughout the structure. Piezoelectric sensors
37、 mounted on a cylinder surface respond to stress waves. They are connected to a signal processor, which records AE signal parameters associated with the passage of the waves under the sensor. Stress waves travel at average speeds. With at least two sensors, one mounted at each end of a cylinder, the
38、 approximate location of AE sources is derived from the measured arrival time of stress waves at the sensors. If measured emissions exceed the specified levels over a linear distance on the cylinder, then such locations shall undergo a secondary inspection (for example, ultrasonic examination) in or
39、der to verify the presence of flaws and to measure flaw dimensions. From this secondary inspection, if the flaw depth exceeds the specified limit (that is, a limit based on a number of factors, i.e. cylinder material, wall thickness, fatigue crack growth estimates, fracture critical flaw depth calcu
40、lations and any practical experience), then the cylinder shall be removed from service. If after the examination a recalibration proves negative, the relevant cylinder shall be re-examined by a non- destructive examination (NDE) method other than AE Method A. Copyright International Organization for
41、 Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 09:44:56 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 16148:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 5 Personnel qualification Properly qua
42、lified and capable personnel shall perform AT. In order to prove this qualification, the personnel shall be certified in accordance with relevant standards as approved by the national authority (e.g. ISO 9712, EN 473, ASNT TC 1A). 6 Special considerations to ensure valid tests 6.1 General In order t
43、o prevent invalid AE examinations when using Method A and to overcome the Kaiser effect (see NOTE 1), the AE test pressure shall exceed that pressure previously exerted on the receptacle during service, i.e. normal filling pressure for compressed gases and maximum allowable pressure for liquefied ga
44、ses. After pressurization to more than the AE test pressure, Method A shall not be performed within a time period less than one year or before a sufficient number of pressurization cycles (see NOTE 2) have occurred, since such practice can decrease the sensitivity of the examination. If a pressure g
45、reater than the normal filling pressure has been applied and a time period equal to or greater than one year or a sufficient number of pressurization cycles has not elapsed, then the AE examination shall be 10 % above this excessive pressure, but shall not exceed the design test pressure (TP) of the
46、 receptacle. If at any stage a receptacle for liquefied gases has been overfilled, this shall be reported to the re-tester by the receptacle owner or operator. If the AE examination would result in a pressure greater than TP, then Method A shall not be applied. Only Method B or a conventional re-tes
47、t shall be performed. WARNING Take appropriate measures to ensure safe operation and to contain any energy that may be released during the hydraulic test. It should be noted that pneumatic pressure tests require more precautions than water pressure tests since, regardless of the size of the containe
48、r, any error in carrying out this test is highly likely to lead to a rupture under gas pressure. Therefore these tests should only be carried out after ensuring that the safety measures satisfy the safety requirements. NOTE 1 The Kaiser effect is characterized by the absence of AE until the previous maximum applied load level has been exceeded. NOTE 2 A sufficient number of pressurization cycles are dependent upon the design parameters of the receptacle underg