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1、 Reference number ISO 17636:2003(E) ISO 2003 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17636 First edition 2003-09-15 Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing of fusion- welded joints Contrle non destructif des assemblages souds Contrle par radiographie des assemblages souds par fusion ISO 17636:2003(
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5、 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the
6、country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reserved ISO 17636:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv 1
7、 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Symbols and abbreviations .2 5 Classification of radiographic techniques .3 6 General.3 6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation3 6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture.3 6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph.3 6.4 Identif
8、ication of radiographs3 6.5 Marking.3 6.6 Overlap of films.4 6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI)4 6.8 Evaluation of image quality4 6.9 Minimum image quality values5 6.10 Personnel qualification.5 7 Recommended techniques for making radiographs.5 7.1 Test arrangements5 7.2 Choic
9、e of tube voltage and radiation source.15 7.3 Film systems and screens .17 7.4 Alignment of beam19 7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation.19 7.6 Source-to-object distance19 7.7 Maximum area for a single exposure21 7.8 Density of radiograph.22 7.9 Processing.22 7.10 Film viewing conditions .22 8 Test r
10、eport22 Annex A (normative) Minimum image quality values for ferrous materials.24 Annex B (informative) Recommended number of exposures for acceptable testing of a circumferential butt weld30 Bibliography .35 ISO 17636:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organizat
11、ion for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established h
12、as the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Int
13、ernational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Public
14、ation as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent ri
15、ghts. ISO 17636 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds. This first edition of ISO 17636 cancels and replaces ISO 1106-1:1984, ISO 1106-2:1985 and ISO 1106-3:1984 the technical contents of which are now covered b
16、y this document. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17636:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1 Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing of fusion-welded joints 1 Scope This International Standard specifies fundamental techniques for radiographic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic mat
17、erials. The object is to obtain satisfactory and repeatable results using the most economical methods. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject. This International Standard applies to testing of fusion-welded joints in plates or pipes1). It comp
18、lies with the basic rules laid down in ISO 5579. This International Standard does not specify acceptance levels of the indications. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
19、For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 2504, Radiography of welds and viewing conditions for films Utilization of recommended patterns of image quality indicators (I.Q.I.) ISO 5580, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic
20、 illuminators Minimum requirements ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing Industrial radiographic films Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values 3
21、 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 nominal thickness t nominal thickness of the parent material NOTE Manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into account. 1) For the purposes of this International Standard, the term “pipe
22、” applies to “pipe”, “tube”, “penstocks”, “boilers” and “pressure vessels”. -,-,- ISO 17636:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3.2 penetrated thickness w thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on the basis of the nominal thickness NOTE For multiple wall technique
23、s, the penetrated thickness is calculated from the nominal thickness. 3.3 object-to-film distance b distance between the irradiated side of the test object and the film surface measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.4 source size d size of the radiation source 3.5 source-to-film dis
24、tance SFD distance between the radiation source and the film measured in the direction of the beam 3.6 source-to-object distance f distance between the radiation source and the source side of the test object measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.7 diameter De nominal external diame
25、ter of the pipe 4 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply. Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations Symbol Definition t nominal thickness w penetrated thickness b object-to-film distance d source size SFD source-to-film distance f so
26、urce-to-object distance De diameter ISO 17636:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3 5 Classification of radiographic techniques The radiographic techniques are divided into two classes: Class A: basic techniques; Class B: improved techniques. The choice of technique shall be specified prior to test
27、ing. Class B techniques are used when class A proves to be insufficiently sensitive. NOTE Better techniques than class B are possible but are not covered by the scope of this International Standard. If, for technical reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for class B, su
28、ch as type of radiation source or the source-to-object distance, f, the condition specified for class A may be used. However, the loss of sensitivity shall be compensated by an increase in minimum density to 3,0 or by use of a higher contrast film system. Because of the better sensitivity compared t
29、o class A, the test specimen may be regarded as examined to class B. However, this does not apply if the special SFD reductions as described in 7.6 for test arrangements 7.1.4 and 7.1.5 are used. 6 General 6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation When using ionizing radiation, local, national or in
30、ternational safety precautions shall be strictly applied. WARNING Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal requirements shall be met. 6.2 Surface preparation and sta
31、ge of manufacture Where surface imperfections or coatings cause difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coatings shall be removed. Otherwise, surface preparation is not necessary. Unless otherwise specified, radiography shall be carried out after the final stage of
32、 manufacture, e.g. after grinding or heat treatment. 6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph Where the radiograph does not clearly show the weld, high density markers shall be placed on either side of the weld. 6.4 Identification of radiographs Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the obje
33、ct being radiographed. The images of these symbols shall appear in the radiograph outside the region of interest where possible and shall ensure unambiguous identification of the section. 6.5 Marking Permanent markings shall be made on the object to be examined, in order to accurately locate the pos
34、ition of each radiograph. Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not permit permanent marking, the location may be recorded by means of accurate sketches. ISO 17636:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved 6.6 Overlap of films When radiographing an area with two or more sepa
35、rate films, the films shall overlap sufficiently to ensure that the complete region of interest is radiographed. This shall be verified by a high density marker on the surface of the object which will appear on each film. 6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI) The quality of the i
36、mage shall be verified by use of an IQI in accordance with ISO 2504. The IQI used shall preferably be placed on the source side of the test object and in close contact with the surface of the object. The IQI shall be located in a section of uniform thickness characterized by a uniform optical densit
37、y on the film. According to the IQI type used, it shall be placed as follows: a) When using a wire IQI, the wires shall be perpendicular to the weld and its location shall ensure that at least 10 mm of the wire length shows in a section of uniform optical density, which is normally in the parent met
38、al adjacent to the weld. At exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7 the IQI may be placed with the wires across the pipe axis but they should not project into the image of the weld. b) When using a step/hole IQI, it shall be placed in such a way that the hole number required is placed close to
39、the weld. When making exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7, the IQIs may be placed on either the source side or the film side. If it is not possible to place the IQIs in accordance with the conditions laid out in a) above, the IQIs shall be placed on the film side and the image quality deter
40、mined from a comparison exposure with one IQI placed on the source side and one on the film side under the same conditions. For double wall exposures, when the IQI is placed on the film side, the above test is not necessary. In this case, reference should be made to Tables A.1 to A.12. Where the IQI
41、s are placed at the film side, the letter “F” shall be placed near the IQI and this shall be recorded in the test report. If steps have been taken to guarantee that radiographs of similar test objects and regions are produced with identical exposure and processing techniques and no differences in th
42、e image quality value are likely, the image quality need not be verified for every radiograph. However, the extent of image quality verification should be specified prior to testing. For pipe diameters, De, W 200 mm and with the source centrally located, at least three IQIs should be placed equally
43、spaced at the circumference. The film(s) showing IQI images are then considered representative of the whole circumference. 6.8 Evaluation of image quality Exposed films shall be viewed in accordance with ISO 5580. The image of the IQI on the radiograph shall be tested and the number of the smallest
44、wire or hole which can be discerned shall be determined. The image of a wire is acceptable if a continuous length of at least 10 mm is clearly visible in a section of uniform optical density. In the case of the step and hole type IQI, if there are two holes of the same diameter, both shall be discer
45、nible, in order that the step be considered as visible. The image quality obtained shall be recorded on the radiographic examination report. The type of IQI used shall also be clearly stated. ISO 17636:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 5 6.9 Minimum image quality values Tables A.1 to A.12 show th
46、e minimum quality values for ferrous materials. Users of this International Standard should verify if these values can be used for other materials in accordance with EN 462-4. 6.10 Personnel qualification Non-destructive testing and the evaluation of results for final acceptance of welds shall be pe
47、rformed by qualified and capable personnel. It is recommended that personnel be qualified in accordance with ISO 9712 or an equivalent standard at an appropriate level in the relevant industry sector. 7 Recommended techniques for making radiographs 7.1 Test arrangements 7.1.1 General The radiographi
48、c techniques in accordance with 7.1.2 to 7.1.9 are recommended. The elliptical technique (double wall/double image) in accordance with 7.1.6 should not be used for external diameters De 100 mm, wall thicknesses t 8 mm and weld widths De/4. Two 90 displaced images are sufficient if t/De 100 kV to 150
49、 kV C 3 Up to 0,15 mm front and back screens of lead X-ray potentials 150 kV to 250 kV C 5 C 4 0,02 mm to 0,15 mm front and back screens of lead w 250 kV to 500 kV w 50 mm C 5 C 5 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm and front screens of lead b 0,02 mm to 0,2 mm back screens of lead Se 75 C 5 C 4 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm front and back screens of lead 0,02 mm to 0,2 mm front screens of leadb 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm front screens of leadb Ir 192 C 5 C 4 0,02 mm to 0,2 mm back screens of lead w u 100 mm C 4 Co