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1、 Reference number ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3785 Second edition 2006-02-01 Metallic materials Designation of test specimen axes in relation to product texture Matriaux mtalliques Dsignation des axes des prouvettes en relation avec la texture du produit ISO 3785:2006(E) PDF
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6、y of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reserved ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introdu
7、ction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Designation system 1 3 Designation of unnotched specimens 1 4 Designation of notched (or precracked) specimens. 3 5 Application of designation system in material specification. 3 Annex A (informative) Influence of mechanical working on material structure and properties 7 ISO 37
8、85:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member
9、 body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Elect
10、rotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopte
11、d by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
12、 rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 3785 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee SC 4, Toughness testing Fracture (F), Pendulum (P), Tear (T). This second edition cancels and replaces the fir
13、st edition (ISO 3785:1976), which has been technically revised. ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction The measured mechanical properties of a metallic product, especially those characterizing ductility and toughness, such as elongation, reduction of area, fracture toughness an
14、d impact resistance, are dependent on the test specimen location within the product and orientation with respect to the products principal directions of metal working, grain flow or otherwise-produced texture. This International Standard specifies a method for designating specimen orientation in rel
15、ation to product texture. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Metallic materials Designation of test specimen axes in relation to product texture 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product textur
16、e by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system. The system applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens. The method is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined. Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen
17、machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this International Standard, and recorded. 2 Designation system 2.1 General The method for relating specimen axes to the characteristic directions of the product makes use of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system for wrough
18、t metals: the letter X always denotes the direction of principal deformation (maximum grain flow in the product); the letter Y denotes the direction of least deformation; the letter Z denotes the direction normal to the X-Y plane. 2.2 Exception not aligned When the specimen direction does not coinci
19、de with the products characteristic grain-flow directions, two letters are used as described for unnotched specimens in 3.2.2 and 3.2.4, and for notched specimens in 4.3. 2.3 Exception no grain flow When there is no grain-flow direction as in a casting, specimen location and orientation shall be def
20、ined on a part drawing and the test result shall carry no orientation designation. 3 Designation of unnotched specimens 3.1 General The designations of unnotched specimens variously aligned with respect to the products characteristic grain-flow directions are depicted in Figure 1. Only specimens ful
21、ly aligned with, or lying midway between, the products characteristic grain-flow directions are shown. ISO 3785:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3.2 Sheet, plate, bar (flat rolled products) 3.2.1 Aligned, grain flow different in all three orthogonal directions For products of non-circular cros
22、s-section and grain flow differing in the three orthogonal directions, specimens aligned with the products characteristic grain-flow directions are designated as either X-, Y- or Z-direction specimens as depicted in Figure 1 a). 3.2.2 Not aligned, grain flow different in all three orthogonal directi
23、ons For products of non-circular cross-section and grain flow differing in the three orthogonal directions, specimens lying midway between the products characteristic grain-flow directions are designated as XY-, XZ- or YZ-direction specimens as depicted in Figure 1 f). When the specimen lies neither
24、 in alignment with the products characteristic grain-flow directions nor midway between them, but rather at some other angle to them, then that angle shall be stated between the two designation letters, the first letter denoting the direction toward which the specimen axis is inclined, and the secon
25、d letter the direction from which the specimen axis is inclined. This designation scheme is restricted to direction vectors that lie within any of the three planes described by the orthogonal X, Y and Z directions. When the direction vector lies outside those planes, specimen location and orientatio
26、n hall be defined on a drawing of the product or part and the test result shall carry no orientation designation. 3.2.3 Aligned, equal cross-sectional grain flow For products of non-circular cross-section with equal Y- and Z-direction grain flow, specimens oriented normal to the X-direction (princip
27、al direction of) grain flow may be designated as either Y- or Z-direction specimens, as depicted in Figure 1 a). 3.2.4 Not aligned, equal cross-sectional grain flow For products of non-circular cross-section with equal Y- and Z-direction grain flow, specimens lying midway between the products charac
28、teristic grain-flow directions are designated as XY-, XZ-, or YZ-direction specimens, as depicted in Figure 1 f). When the specimen lies neither in alignment with the products characteristic grain-flow directions nor midway between them, but rather at some other angle to them, then that angle shall
29、be stated between the two letters, the first letter denoting the direction toward which the specimen axis is inclined, and the second letter the direction from which the specimen axis is inclined. This designation scheme is restricted to direction vectors the lie within any of the three planes descr
30、ibed by the orthogonal X, Y and Z directions. When the direction vector lies outside those planes, specimen location and orientation shall be defined on a drawing of the product or part and the test result shall carry no orientation designation. 3.3 Cylinders and thick-walled tubes Specimen depictio
31、ns in Figures 1 b) and 1 c) pertain to solid cylinders; those in Figure 1 d) apply to hollow cylinders (thick-walled tubes). 3.4 Thin-walled tubes, helical grain flow Specimen depictions in Figure 1 e) pertain to products with helical grain flow, typically thin-walled tubing. 3.5 Castings When there
32、 is no grain-flow direction as in a casting, specimen location and direction shall be defined on a part drawing and the test result shall carry no orientation designation. ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 4 Designation of notched (or precracked) specimens 4.1 General Designating the p
33、lane and direction of crack extension for notched (or precracked) specimens, in relation to the products characteristic grain-flow directions, is done using a hyphenated code wherein the letter(s) preceding the hyphen represent the direction normal to the crack plane and the letter(s) following the
34、hyphen represent the anticipated direction of crack extension. 4.2 Aligned When the specimen direction is aligned with the products characteristic grain-flow directions, a single letter for each case is used to denote the direction perpendicular to the crack plane and the direction of intended crack
35、 extension, as depicted in Figure 2 a), 2 c) and 2 d). 4.3 Not aligned When the specimen orientation directions lie midway between the products characteristic grain-flow directions, two letters shall be used to denote the normal to the crack plane or the crack propagation direction, as depicted in F
36、igure 2 b). When the specimen orientation directions lie neither in alignment with the products characteristic grain-flow directions nor midway between them, but rather at some other angle to them, then that angle shall be stated between the two letters, the first letter denoting the direction towar
37、d which the crack plane normal or propagation direction is inclined, and the second letter the direction from which the crack plane normal or crack propagation direction is inclined. This designation scheme is restricted to direction vectors that lie within any of the three planes described by the o
38、rthogonal X, Y and Z directions. When the direction vector lies outside those planes, the specimen crack plane orientation and propagation direction shall be defined on a drawing of the product or part, and the test result shall carry no orientation designation. 4.4 No grain flow When there is no gr
39、ain-flow direction as in a casting, specimen location and crack plane orientation shall be defined on a part drawing and the test result shall carry no orientation designation. 4.5 Welds A futur International Standard, which is being developed, contains a method of test for welds, including a unique
40、 scheme for designating specimen location and orientation. When that test method is adopted as an International Standard, its specimen location and orientation scheme will be incorporated into this International Standard. 5 Application of designation system in material specification 5.1 General The
41、designation of specimen location and orientation with respect to the product characteristic directions is straightforward for regular structural configurations like plate and rod. It is more difficult for complex structural shapes, in which case knowledge of production and processing plays an essent
42、ial role. 5.2 Non-uniform grain flow In cases where grain flow is not uniform, specimen location and orientation shall reference component geometry and be noted on component drawings along with a description of component production and processing. ISO 3785:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reserved 5.3
43、Specifications Specimen extraction shall conform to relevant specifications. 5.4 Comparisons When products are to be compared on the basis of mechanical properties, it is essential that specimen location and orientation with respect to the products grain-flow directions be comparable and that the re
44、sults not be generalized beyond these limits. a) Sheet, plate, bar b) Cylinder Radial grain flow, axial working direction c) Cylinder Axial grain flow, radial working direction Figure 1 Designation of unnotched test pieces ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 5 d) Tube (axial grain flow) e)
45、 Thin-walled tube with helical grain flow f) Not aligned sheet, plate, bar a Grain flow. Figure 1 (continued) ISO 3785:2006(E) 6 ISO 2006 All rights reserved a) Aligned b) Not aligned c) Radial grain flow, axial working direction d) Axial grain flow, radial working direction a Grain flow. Figure 2 D
46、esignation of notched (or precracked) specimens ISO 3785:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 7 Annex A (informative) Influence of mechanical working on material structure and properties A.1 Product production Steep temperature gradients in the molten metal cause dendritic freezing patterns on cooli
47、ng, whereas shallow gradients produce more equiaxed grains. Intermetallic compounds of all shapes and nonmetallic particles of usually equiaxed shapes can be distributed throughout. During hot working, recrystallization occurs and the intermetallic and nonmetallic particles can be affected. All spec
48、ies within the metal are distorted, including the intermetallic and nonmetallic particles if they are sufficiently malleable. Cold working produces no recrystallization, but rather a continuous elongation of grains and possible further elongation of intermetallics and nonmetallics. The net processin
49、g effect is increased anisotropy. This should be considered in component design and fabrication, and in specimen sampling for the determination of mechanical response of the component. A.2 Product geometry In many instances, product geometry is telltale of grain flow. This is especially true of regular product forms such as plate, bar, sheet and rod. Because of the frequent coincidence of grain flow direction with product shape, specimen designation is often referred to in complimen