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1、 Reference number ISO 4037-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4037-4 First edition 2004-10-15 X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeter
2、s in low energy X reference radiation fields Rayonnements X et gamma de rfrence pour ltalonnage des dosimtres et des dbitmtres et pour la dtermination de leur rponse en fonction de lnergie des photons Partie 4: talonnage des dosimtres de zone (ou dambiance) et individuels dans des champs de rfrence
3、X de faible nergie Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-4:2004(E) PDF discl
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6、e file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2004 All ri
7、ghts reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of t
8、he requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license wi
9、th ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Forewordiv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms
10、 and definitions. 2 4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) . 2 5 General procedures for calibrating and determining response. 4 6 Characterisation and production of low energy X-ray reference radiations 4 6.1 General. 4 6.2 Tube potential 4 6.3 Field uniformity and scattered radiation 5 6.4 Spectral flue
11、nce and conversion coefficients . 5 7 Dosimetry of low energy reference radiations. 6 7.1 General. 6 7.2 Operation of the standard instruments 6 7.2.1 Instruments for the measurement of air kerma . 6 7.2.2 Instruments for the measurement of the dose-equivalent quantities defined in ICRU 51 6 8 Calib
12、ration and determination of the response as a function of photon energy and angle of radiation incidence. 6 8.1 General. 6 8.2 Selection of calibration method 7 8.3 Calibration by using reference instruments for Ka. 7 8.3.1 General. 7 8.3.2 Conventionally true value of the measurand air kerma 7 8.3.
13、3 Conventionally true value of the measurands dose-equivalent quantities Hp(0,07) and H(0,07) . 8 8.3.4 Conventionally true value of the measurands dose-equivalent quantities Hp(10) and H*(10) 8 8.3.5 Performing the calibration . 10 8.4 Calibration by using reference instruments which measure the IC
14、RU dose-equivalent quantities . 10 8.4.1 General. 10 8.4.2 Conventionally true value of the measurands dose-equivalent quantities Hp(10) and H*(10) 10 8.4.3 Performing the calibration . 12 8.5 Statement of uncertainty 12 Annex A (normative) Correction for air density 13 Annex B (informative) Measure
15、ment of pulse height spectra 17 Bibliography . 19 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-
16、,- ISO 4037-4:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member b
17、odies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental a
18、nd non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives
19、, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies ca
20、sting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4037-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, Subcommittee
21、SC 2, Radiation protection. ISO 4037 consists of the following parts, under the general title X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy: Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production methods Par
22、t 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low
23、energy X reference radiation fields Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-4:
24、2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved v Introduction This part of ISO 4037 is closely related to the three other parts of ISO 4037. The first, ISO 4037-1, describes the methods of production and characterisation of the photon reference radiations. The second, ISO 4037-2, describes the dosimetry of th
25、e reference radiations and the third, ISO 4037-3, describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and doserate meters in terms of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) operational quantities 1, 2, 3 for radiation protection purposes.
26、This part of ISO 4037 is the fourth part of the series, and it describes special procedures for low energy X reference radiation fields. In ISO 4037-3, all the dose quantities used are based on the air kerma Ka free in air. Either Ka is the selected measuring quantity, or one of the dose-equivalent
27、quantities H(0,07), Hp(0,07), Hp(10) and H*(10) is determined using conversion coefficients from air kerma Ka to the appropriate dose-equivalent quantity. For the dose-equivalent quantities H(0,07) and Hp(0,07), this procedure is associated with only a small additional uncertainty, because the conve
28、rsion coefficients depend only slightly on the photon energy and angle of radiation incidence for the ranges given in ISO 4037-3. Therefore, for these dose-equivalent quantities, no special attention is given for the low energy X reference radiation fields. For the two other dose-equivalent quantiti
29、es Hp(10), and H*(10), this is different. For them, the use of conversion coefficients can be associated with large additional uncertainties if low energy X reference radiation fields are considered; see the remark already given in these cases in ISO 4037-3. This is because the conversion coefficien
30、ts depend strongly on the photon energy and the angle of radiation incidence. For nominally the same radiation quality as defined in ISO 4037-1, the conversion coefficients can differ by several tens of percent. A detailed description of all the measurements and methods necessary to avoid these addi
31、tional uncertainties is given by Ankerhold et al. 4, 5 and by Behrens 6. NOTE For irradiation of the whole body, Hp(10) and H*(10) are relevant for radiation protection, as long as they are closer to their limit than H(0,07) and Hp(0,07). This is the case down to about 15 keV. . Copyright Internatio
32、nal Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided b
33、y IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4037-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1 X and gamma reference radiation for calib
34、rating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields 1 Scope This part of ISO 4037 gives guidelines on additional aspects of the characterization of low e
35、nergy photon radiations. This part of ISO 4037 also describes procedures for calibration and determination of the response of area and personal dose(rate)meters as a function of photon energy and angle of incidence. This part of ISO 4037 concentrates on the accurate determination of conversion coeff
36、icients from air kerma to Hp(10) and H*(10) for the spectra of low energy photon radiations. As an alternative to the use of conversion coefficients, the direct calibration in terms of these quantities by means of appropriate reference instruments is described. 2 Normative references The following r
37、eferenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4037-1:1996, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating
38、 dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production methods ISO 4037-2:1997, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function
39、of photon energy Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV ISO 4037-3:1999, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 3: Calibr
40、ation of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, 1995 ICRU Report 51:1993, Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry
41、, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTNo reproduction or netwo
42、rking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-4:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 4037-3 and the following apply. 3.1 low energy X-ray reference radiation all radiation qualities as speci
43、fied in ISO 4037-1 and ISO 4037-3 with nominal tube potentials up to and including 30 kV NOTE These radiation qualities are all continuous reference filtered radiations and fluorescence radiations. 3.2 spectral fluence distribution of fluence with respect to photon energy E d d E E = 3.3 spectral ai
44、r kerma distribution of air kerma, Ka with respect to photon energy E () a a d d E K E = 3.4 pulse height spectrum dN/dQ distribution of number of pulses N with respect to charge Q generated in the detector 3.5 spectral-fluence response function function R(E, Q) describing the relationship between s
45、pectral-fluence E and the pulse height spectrum, dN/dQ max 0 d ( ,)d d E E N R E QE Q = 3.6 unfolding determination of the spectral-fluence E from the (measured) pulse height spectrum, dN/dQ 3.7 spectral-fluence response matrix matrix where each column represents the response function R(E, Q) for ph
46、otons with energy E 4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) The symbols (and abbreviated terms) used are given in Table 1. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 20:19:10 MDTN
47、o reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-4:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 3 Table 1 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) Symbol Meaning Unit air density kg/m3 0 air density under reference conditions: 0 = 1,1974 kg/m3 kg/m3 irr air density prevailing during irr
48、adiation kg/m3 con air density prevailing during determination of the conventionally true value of the measurand kg/m3 cal air density prevailing during calibration of the instrument kg/m3 MC air density prevailing during calibration of the monitor chamber kg/m3 spec air density prevailing during the spectral measurements kg/m3 change of air density kg/m3 angle of radiation incidence to the normal of the phantom surface (de