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1、 Reference number ISO 3449:2005(E) ISO 2005 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3449 Fifth edition 2005-09-15 Earth-moving machinery Falling-object protective structures Laboratory tests and performance requirements Engins de terrassement Structures de protection contre les chutes dobjets Essais de laboratoi
2、re et critres de performance Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) P
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6、5 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the coun
7、try of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2005 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under li
8、cense with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1
9、 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 General. 2 5 Laboratory tests 4 6 Performance requirements 8 7 Labelling 9 8 Reporting of test results 10 Annex A (normative) Typical test report 11 Bibliography. 13 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee
10、=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of nationa
11、l standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internation
12、al organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules
13、 given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at le
14、ast 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 3449 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 127
15、, Earth-moving machinery, Subcommittee SC 2, Safety requirements and human factors. This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 3449:1992), which has been technically revised. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee
16、=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved v Introduction This International Standard provides performance criteria for falling-object protective st
17、ructures (FOPS). It recognizes that there are various classes and sizes of machines that operate in a variety of environmental conditions. It is intended to assure operators of reasonable protection from falling objects of different sizes and masses. Its laboratory tests are a means of evaluating th
18、e characteristics of the structures used to protect the operator from localized impact penetration and, indirectly, of the load-carrying capacity of the supporting structure to resist impact loading. This International Standard establishes a consistent, repeatable means of evaluating characteristics
19、 of FOPS under loading and prescribes performance requirements for these structures under such loading in a representative test. For similar tests on FOPS for excavators and excavator-based machines, see ISO 10262. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under licens
20、e with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/
21、9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3449:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1 Earth-moving machinery Falling-object protective structures Laboratory tests and performance requirements 1
22、Scope This International Standard specifies laboratory tests for measuring the structural characteristics of, and gives performance requirements in a representative test for, falling-object protective structures (FOPS) intended for use on ride-on earth-moving machines as defined in ISO 6165. It is a
23、pplicable to both FOPS supplied as an integral part of the machine and those supplied separately for attachment to the machine. It is not intended to apply to FOPS intended for use on landfill compactors, excavators, rollers, trenchers, pipelayers, for the additional seat for operation of an attachm
24、ent (e.g. attachment backhoe), or on machines with a power rating of less than 15 kW. NOTE This International Standard can be used to provide guidance to the manufacturers of roll-over or falling-object protective structures should it be decided to provide such protection for these or other machines
25、 for a particular application. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) appl
26、ies. ISO 148:1983, Steel Charpy impact test (V-notch)1) ISO 898-1:1999, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs ISO 898-2:1992, Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values Coarse thread ISO 3164:1995
27、, Earth-moving machinery Laboratory evaluations of protective structures Specifications for deflection-limiting volume ISO 3471:1994, Earth-moving machinery Roll-over protective structures Laboratory tests and performance requirements ISO 6165:2), Earth-moving machinery Basic types Vocabulary 1) Und
28、er revision. 2) To be published. (Revision of ISO 6165:2001) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
29、rom IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) 2 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 falling-object protective structure FOPS system of structural members arranged in such a way as to provide operators with reasonable
30、 protection from falling objects (trees, rocks, small concrete blocks, hand tools, etc.) 3.2 roll-over protective structure ROPS system of structural members whose primary purpose is to reduce the possibility of a seat-belted operator being crushed should the machine roll-over NOTE Structural member
31、s include any subframe, bracket, mounting, socket, bolt, pin, suspension or flexible shock absorption used to secure the system to the machine frame, but exclude mounting provisions that are integral with the machine frame. 3.3 deflection-limiting volume DLV orthogonal approximation of a large male,
32、 seated operator wearing normal clothing and a hard hat NOTE See ISO 3164. 3.4 level I impact protection impact strength for protection from small falling objects (e.g. bricks, small concrete blocks, hand tools) encountered in operations such as highway maintenance, landscaping and other constructio
33、n site services 3.5 level II impact protection impact strength for protection from heavy falling objects (e.g. trees, rocks) for machines involved in site clearing, overhead demolition or forestry 3.6 representative test test of a specimen whose material, dimensional and processing requirements are
34、typical of production FOPS 4 General The FOPS may be integrated into the operator cab structure. This test procedure is generally destructive of the FOPS assembly, as permanent deformation will occur to the structure, and might not reproduce structural deformations, owing to variation in the actual
35、impact of the falling objects. Two levels of performance criteria are specified for impact protection, based on the machine end use. a) Level I: protection against the impact of a round test object dropped from a height sufficient to develop an energy of 1 365 J. See Figures 1 a) and 2 a). b) Level
36、II: protection against the impact of a cylindrical test object dropped from a height sufficient to develop an energy of 11 600 J. See Figures 1 b) and 2 b). The drop height of the test object is defined as a function of its mass, as shown in Figure 1. NOTE Although FOPS meeting these criteria do not
37、 give crush protection under all the circumstances in which the machine could be struck from above, it is expected that protection from penetration will be ensured under conditions a) and b). Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NAS
38、A Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 3 EXAMPLE 45 kg 9,807 m/s2 3,1 m 1 365 J a) Level I energy requirement curve EXAMPLE 227 kg 9,807 m/s2 5,22 m
39、 11 600 J b) Level II energy requirement curve Key h height, m m mass, kg Figure 1 Height and mass for test object with capability of developing energy requirements Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/997
40、2545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) 4 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 5 Laboratory tests 5.1 Test apparatus 5.1.1 Test object, whose impact surface has properties to protect against deformation during tes
41、ting, and which for level I testing, has a solid steel or ductile iron cylinder, as shown in Figure 2 a), a typical mass of 45 kg and a spherical contact surface diameter of between 200 mm and 250 mm, and for level II testing, has a solid steel or ductile iron cylinder, as shown in Figure 2 b), and
42、a typical mass of 227 kg. Dimensions in millimetres a) Level I: mass of 45 kg b) Level II: mass of 227 kg Key d1 204 mm d2 255 mm to 260 mm d3 203 mm to 204 mm l1 102 mm l2 109 mm l3 584 mm NOTE 1 Actual values of dimensions are given here as examples. NOTE 2 All the dimensions specified are variabl
43、e, depending on the mass of the test object required to match the height of drop that will provide the energy according to Clause 4 a) and b). Dimensions of the drop test object are determined with respect to both its mass and drop-height (as determined from Figure 1), to provide the required energy
44、. a May be drilled and tapped for lifting eye. Figure 2 Example of test object Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 20:08:54 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted
45、 without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 3449:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 5 5.1.2 Test facility apparatus that provides a means to a) raise the test object to the required height, b) release it so that it drops without restraint, and c) determine whether the FOPS enters the deflection-limiting v
46、olume (DLV) during the test. The means of determining c) may be either 5.1.3 or 5.1.4. 5.1.3 DLV structure, placed upright and made of a material that will indicate any penetration by the FOPS grease or other suitable material being permitted to be put on the lower surface of the FOPS cover to indic
47、ate such penetration. The DLV structure and its location shall be in accordance with ISO 3164. The DLV structure shall be fixed firmly to the same part of the machine as the operators seat and shall remain there during the entire formal test period. 5.1.4 Suitable dynamic instrumentation system, wit
48、h a dynamic measurement accuracy of 5 %, for measuring the expected deflection of the FOPS with respect to the DLV. 5.2 Test conditions 5.2.1 Test bed The FOPS to be evaluated shall be attached to the machine structure, as it would be in actual machine use. Although a complete machine is not required, the portion on which the FOPS is mounted sh