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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14881 First edition 2001-06-15 Reference number ISO 14881:2001(E) ISO 2001 Integrated optics Interfaces Parameters relevant to coupling properties Optique intgre Interfaces Paramtres caractrisant les proprits de couplage Copyright International Organization for Standardiza
2、tion Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14881:2001(E) ii ISO 2001 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In ac
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7、-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproducti
8、on or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14881:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is
9、normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part
10、in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the te
11、chnical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of pat
12、ent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 14881 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172,Optics and optical instruments, Subcommittee SC 9,Electro-optical systems. Copyright International Organization for Standardiza
13、tion Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9
14、980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 14881:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved 1 Integrated optics Interfaces Parameters relevant to coupling properties 1Scope This International Standard de
15、fines the relevant properties for coupling light into and out of integrated optical chips (IOC) and chips with optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC). This International Standard is limited to butt coupling via the waveguide endfaces. The definitions provide the basis for specifying the elements
16、to be coupled (e. g. fibres, integrated optical chips) related to coupling properties. 2Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments t
17、o, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of
18、 the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 4288:1996,Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture. ISO 11807-1:1),Integra
19、ted optics Vocabulary Part 1: Basic terms and symbols. ISO 11807-2,Integrated optics Vocabulary Part 2: Terms used in classification. IEC 60793-1-2:1995,Opticalfibres Part 1:Genericspecification Section 2:Measuringmethodsfor dimensions. 3Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International S
20、tandard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11807-1: and ISO 11807-2 and the following apply. 3.1 anti-reflective coating of endfaces thin surface coating designed to reduce the Fresnel loss 3.2 alignment structure precise mechanical structure to enable coupling of optical and electro-optical el
21、ements without the need for adjustment EXAMPLEElements coupled may include optical fibres, fibre arrays, detectors, lasers, LEDs, integrated optical chips. 3.3 array block mechanical alignment structure of micrometre or submicrometre precision for the reception of optical fibres 1)To be published. C
22、opyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14881:2001(E) 2 ISO 2001 All rights reserved NOTE 1The alignm
23、ent structures, which are generally arranged in a regular pattern, determine the position of the fibres with respect to each other. These positions are defined by the fibres cladding diameter and the geometry of the alignment structures. NOTE 2An array block may have additional guiding structures fo
24、r the alignment of the array with an integrated optical chip (see e. g. V-groove array). 3.4 V-groove array array block structured with a number of V-grooves, generally equally spaced, with identical geometric dimensions NOTEA silicon-V-groove array is commonly manufactured by anisotropically etchin
25、g a silicon substrate. The angles of the silicon-V-grooves are well defined by the crystal orientation and the etching process. 3.5 fibre array array block with inserted and fixed optical fibres, in which the fibre endfaces lie in one plane 3.6 fibre array coupling coupling that connects several opt
26、ical fibres simultaneously with several corresponding waveguide endfaces NOTEThe fibres are already adjusted and fixed with respect to each other by the array block. The pitch of the array corresponds to the pitch of the integrated optical chip. The kind of adjustment between the fibre array and the
27、 integrated optical chip and the kind of fixation depends on the type of the fibre array. 3.7 fibre arrays coupling deviation difference between maximum and minimum coupling losses of the single fibres of a fibre array 3.8 butt coupling coupling of two waveguides with their endfaces in contact or ne
28、arly in contact 3.9 chip edge edge formed by the chip surface and the chip endface 3.10 chip endface chip-limiting plane, which contains the optical interface(s) 3.11 chip surface plane parallel and closest to the plane of the waveguide(s) 3.12 coupling efficiency ratio of the optical power coupled
29、into the endface of an optical element(e. g. fibre endface or chip endface) to the emitted optical power at the output endface of the element where is the power in optical elementat the input endface; is the power in optical elementat the output endface. j i = Pm,j Pl,i ,Pm,j Pl,i Pm,jj Pl,ii Copyri
30、ght International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14881:2001(E) ISO 2001 All rights reserved 3 3.13 coupling loss lo
31、ss of optical power obtained when the light is coupled from output endface of one optical element(e. g. fibre endface or chip endface) into the endface of another elementon a logarithmic scale where is the power in optical elementat the input endface; is the power in optical elementat the output end
32、face. ISO 11807-1:, 5.5.4.7 NOTE 1Coupling losses can be induced by e. g. radial, axial or angular misalignment or unmatched modefields. The coupling loss is the logarithmic value of the coupling efficiency. NOTE 2Coupling loss is expressed in decibels. 3.14 Fresnel loss loss caused by reflections a
33、t the interface of two media with different refractive indices 3.15 index matching interfacial layer in order to reduce Fresnel losses by matching the refractive indices, andof two media (e. g. quarter-wave layer) 3.16 transformer optical coating with a thickness offor reducing the Fresnel loss by i
34、ndex matching, where is the refractive index of the coating NOTE(see 3.15). 3.17 optical axis line connecting the centroids defined by the first spatial moment of the cross-sectional profile of the power density distribution of the guided wave at successive positions in the direction of propagation
35、of the wave 3.18 pitch distance between the centres of adjacent fibres or waveguides, which may vary across and with direction NOTE,are defined as pitch in the-,-direction, respectively. 3.19 reference mark mark used as reference in alignment of optical components 3.20 reflective coating of endface
36、coating of the waveguide endface applied and designed to obtain a desired reflectance c i j c= 10 log(Pm,j/Pl,i) Pm,jj Pl,ii n1n2 /4 /(4nS)nS=n1 n2 P PxPyx y Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale,
37、04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14881:2001(E) 4 ISO 2001 All rights reserved 3.21 single-fibre coupling coupling technique in which each optical fibre is adjusted and attached individually to the corresponding waveguide of the integra
38、ted optical chip 3.22 waveguide endface area of the chip endface which is determined by the end of the waveguide 4Properties relevant for coupling 4.1General In the following, the characteristics, reference systems, classes for tolerances, and losses are provided that are necessary for the unambiguo
39、us description of the properties of integrated optical chips, array blocks and optical fibres relevant for coupling. 4.2Chip geometry(see Figure 1) The dimensions listed in Table 1 as well as their tolerances shall be specified. If the endfaces have been inclined, e. g. to minimize reflection, the e
40、dges angles shall also be specified. In addition, any deviation of the chip surface from flatness (e. g. bow) shall be specified. All deviations from flatness and facet roughness are examined in 4.4. For the chip thickness, the preferred dimensions,and are recommended, but not mandatory. NOTEA defin
41、ition of preferred dimensions for length and width seems not to be convenient at present, because of the different basic materials and chip sizes used. 4.3Waveguide geometry(see Figure 2) The dimensions listed in Table 2 as well as their tolerances shall be specified. The tolerances, expressed in mi
42、crometres, of the values of the pitch, shall be referred to the reference mark for each single position. a Direction of propagation. Figure 1 Coordinate system and dimensions for integrated optical chips Table 1 Dimensions CharacteristicLengthWidthThickness symbol unit LWT mmmmmm T0,15 mm 0,35 mm 0,
43、525 mm 0,625 mm 1,0 mm2,0 mm P Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 14881:2001(E) ISO 2001 All ri
44、ghts reserved 5 The preferred dimensions,and, are recommended for the pitch, but not mandatory. 4.4Fibre tolerances To reach the necessary low coupling losses with fibre arrays, it is normally necessary to use optical fibres with tolerances substantially lower than those specified by the producer. T
45、hus, tolerances for the dimensions of optical fibres shall be specified (see Table 3). Measurement shall be carried out in accordance with IEC 60793-1-2. For polarization maintenance, the deviation of the core concentricity in this case describes the deviation of the near field centre from the geome
46、trical centre of the fibre. Additionally, the spot size of the fibre according to 4.6 and the coupling loss shall be indicated. 4.5Endface properties(see Figure 3) Measurement ofshall be carried out in accordance with ISO 4288. The dimensions, angles and radii listed in Tables 4 to 6 and their toler
47、ances shall be specified. Figure 2 Position of the waveguides in the chip Table 2 Dimensions to describe the position of the waveguide in the chip (related to the optical axis of the waveguide) CharacteristicDistance to the reference markPitchDepth below the surface symbol unit Table 3 Dimensions of
48、 optical fibres to describe deviations Deviation Cladding diameter tolerance Non-circularity of cladding Core diameter tolerance Non-circularity of core Concentricity error of core/cladding unit 0,125 mm 0,25 mm0,4 mmP RPD mmmmmm mmmmm Ra Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100 Not for Resale, 04/23/2007 08:41:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitt