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1、A Reference number ISO 5667-14:1998(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5667-14 First edition 1998-09-01 Water quality Sampling Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling Qualit de leau chantillonnage Partie 14: Lignes directrices pour le contrle de la qualit dans
2、lchantillonnage et la manutention des eaux environnementales Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
3、rom IHS -,-,- ISO 5667-14:1998(E) ISO 1998 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. Interna
4、tional Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 Switzerland Internetisoiso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii Content 1 Scope. 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Definitions . 1 4 Sources of sampling error. 4 5 Sampling quality control techniques 5 6 Transport, stabilization and storag
5、e of samples. 12 7 Analysis and interpretation of quality control data. 13 8 Sample identification and records 13 Annex A (informative) Control charts . 14 Annex B (informative) Bibliography . 18 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee
6、=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOISO 5667-14:1998(E) iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a world-wide federation of national standards bodies (I
7、SO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, gov
8、ernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to t
9、he member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 5667-14 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Sampling (general methods). ISO 5667 cons
10、ists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality Sampling: Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes Part 5: Guidance on sampling
11、 of drinking water Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and steam in boiler plants Part 8: Guidance on sampling of wet deposition Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters Part 10: Guidance on sampling of waste waters Part 11: Guidance on sam
12、pling of groundwaters Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments Part 13: Guidance on sampling of water, wastewater and related sludges Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 5667 are for information only. Copyri
13、ght International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 5667-14:1998(E) ISO iv Introduction Quality contr
14、ol procedures are required for the collection of environmental water samples for the following reasons: a) to monitor the effectiveness of sampling methodology; b) to demonstrate that the various stages of the sample collection process are adequately controlled and suited to the intended purpose, in
15、cluding adequate control over sources of error such as sample contamination, loss of determinand and sample instability. To achieve this quality control procedures should provide a means of detecting sampling error and hence a means of rejecting invalid or misleading data resulting from the sampling
16、 process ; c) to quantify and control the sources of error which arise in sampling. Quantification gives a guide to the significance that sampling plays in the overall accuracy of data; d) to provide information on suitably abbreviated quality assurance procedures that may be used for rapid sampling
17、 operations such as pollution incidents or groundwater investigations. This part of ISO 5667 is one of a group of International Standards dealing with the sampling of waters. It should be read in conjunction with the other parts of ISO 5667 and in particular with Parts 1, 2 and 3. The general termin
18、ology is in accordance with that published in ISO/TC 147, Water quality, and more particularly with the terminology on sampling given in ISO 6107-2. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for
19、Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISOISO 5667-14:1998(E) 1 Water quality Sampling Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling WARNING: Consider and minimize any risks an
20、d obey safety rules. See ISO 5667-1 for certain safety precautions, including sampling from boats and from ice-covered waters. 1 Scope This part of ISO 5667 provides guidance on the selection and use of various quality assurance techniques relating to the manual sampling of surface, potable, waste,
21、marine and ground waters; NOTE The general principles outlined in this part of ISO 5667 in some circumstances may be applicable to sludge and sediment sampling. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part
22、 of ISO 5667. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 5667 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of
23、 ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 5667-1:1980, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes. ISO 5667-3:1985, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples. 3 Definitions For the purpo
24、ses of this part of ISO 5667, the following definitions apply. 3.1 accuracy closeness of agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value ISO 3534-1 NOTE The term accuracy, when applied to a set of test results, involves a combination of random and systematic error or bias components
25、. 3.2 bias difference between the expectation of the test results and an accepted reference value ISO 3534-1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reprod
26、uction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 5667-14:1998(E) ISO 2 NOTE Bias is the total systematic error as contrasted to random error. There may be one or more systematic error components contributing to the bias. A larger systematic difference from the accepted reference val
27、ue is reflected by a larger bias value. 3.3 precision closeness of agreement between independent results obtained under stipulated conditions ISO 3534-1 NOTE 1The variation associated with test results from repeated sampling operations will be subject to variation from analytical sources as well as
28、from sources connected with the sampling process. A comparison of random error from repeated sampling operations with that from repeated analysis of the same sample can be used to deduce the contribution of sampling to overall random error. NOTE 2Precision depends only on the distribution of random
29、errors and does not relate to the true value or the specified value, (ISO 3534-1). The measure of precision is expressed in terms of a standard deviation value. Improved precision is reflected in a smaller standard deviation value. NOTE 3The independence of test results reflects the extent to which
30、results are obtained in a manner not influenced by any previous result on the same test object (ISO 3534-1). Quantitative measures of precision depend critically on stipulated conditions. The well-known terms repeatability and reproducibility relate to specific types of stipulated conditions. The fo
31、rmer term corresponds to measurements made under the same controlled (same method, strictly adhered to in the same laboratory) conditions; the latter term refers to the same method used in different laboratories. 3.4 representativeness extent to which the condition of all the samples taken from the
32、body of water reflects conditions in water of interest 3.5 comparability degree of agreement with respect to control over random and systematic errors 3.6 Certified Reference Material CRM stable, homogeneous material, with a composition closely matching that of the sample to be analysed, for which t
33、he concentrations of the determinands of interest in that material are known with a known degree of uncertainty NOTE In most chemical analyses the traceability of measurement can be obtained by a series of calibrations that demonstrates that no loss of determinand or contamination occurs during the
34、sample treatment. This traceability can be based on the analysis of a CRM. 3.7 blank observed value obtained when measurement is made on a sample identical to the sample of interest, but in the absence of the determinand. NOTE Field blank samples are laboratory blank samples which are taken into the
35、 field, treated as samples and analysed as a check on sampling procedures. ISO/TR 13530 3.8 spike known quantity of determinand which is added to a sample, usually for the purpose of estimating the systematic error of an analytical system by means of a recovery exercise ISO/TR 13530 Copyright Intern
36、ational Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOISO 5667-14:1998(E) 3 3.9 recovery extent to which a known,
37、added quantity of determinand in a sample can be measured by an analytical system. NOTE Recovery is calculated from the difference between results obtained from a spiked and an unspiked aliquot of sample and is usually expressed as a percentage. ISO/TR 13530 3.10 control chart chart, with upper and
38、lower control limits, on which values of some statistical measure for a series of samples, spiked samples and blanks, are plotted, usually in date or sample number order NOTE 1The chart frequently shows a central line to assist detection of a trend of plotted values toward either control limit. ISO
39、3534-2 NOTE 2In some control charts, the control limits are based on the within-batch data plotted on the chart; in others, the control limits are based on adopted standard or specified values applicable to the statistical measures used. NOTE 3The cumulative sum (cusum) chart is a type of control ch
40、art. Cusum charts are used for detecting small permanent shifts in trends that may remain undetected when using the Shewhart control chart. The basic principle of the most common type of cusum chart is based on the plotted value, which is the cumulative sum of deviations of successive sample statist
41、ics from a target value. When a process change is made, the sum is returned to zero. The ordinate of each plotted point represents the algebraic sum of the previous ordinate and the most recent deviation from the target. Cusum charts are generally interpreted by masks superimposed on the chart, a si
42、gnal occurring if the path of the cusum inter- sects or touches the boundary of the mask (ISO 3534-2). 3.11 Shewhart control chart control chart to show if a process is in statistical control ISO 3534-2 and ISO 8258 NOTEIt may be a chart using attributes (for example, proportion nonconforming) for e
43、valuating a process, or it may be a chart using variables (for example, average and range) for evaluating a process. Examples are: X-bar chart - the sample means are plotted in order to control the mean value of a variable.; R chart - the sample ranges are plotted in order to control the variability
44、 of a variable; s chart - the sample standard deviations are plotted in order to control the variability of a variable; s 2 chart - the sample variances are plotted in order to control the variability of a variable; C chart - the number of defectives (per batch, per day, per machine, etc.) is plotte
45、d. 3.12 action control upper lower limit limit above below which, or the limits outside which, the statistic under consideration lies when action should be taken ISO 3534-2 NOTEThese limits are based on the assumption that only 0,3 % of normally distributed results will fall outside these limits. Su
46、ch an occurrence would strongly indicate that additional, assignable causes of variation may be present and that action may be required to identify and reduce them. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/997
47、2545001 Not for Resale, 04/19/2007 00:46:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 5667-14:1998(E) ISO 4 3.13 warning control upper lower limit limit below above which (upper lower limit), or the limits between which, the statistic under consideration lies with
48、 a high probability when the process is under control ISO 3534-2 NOTE 1When the value of the statistic computed from a sample is outside the warning limits but inside the action limits, increased supervision of the process is generally necessary and rules may be applied for action in particular processes. NOTE 2At the warning limits, attention is called to the possibility of out-of-control conditions, but further action is not necessarily required. NOTE 3The warn