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1、International Standard INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FORSTANDARDIATlON*hiEYHAPOHAR OPTAHH3AlJHR flDCTAHAPTi3AlJ4l4*ORGANlSATlON INTERNATIOMALE DE NORMALISATIGN Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri Documentation - Principes directeurs pour Ikablisseme
2、nt et le dkveloppement de thesaurus multilingues First edition - 1985-02-15 iz UDC 025.48 Ref. No. IS0 5964-1985 (E) ii Descriptors : documentation, suhiect indexing, information retrieval thesauri multilingual thesauri preparation, rules (instructions1 PII Copyright International Organization for S
3、tandardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:40:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Foreword IS0 (the international Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fe
4、deration of national standards bodies (I-SO member bodies). The work of preparing lnteroational Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that co
5、mmittee. International organizations, govern- mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work, Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by the IS0
6、 Council. They are approved in accordance with IS0 procedures requiring at least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting. International Standard IS0 5964 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Documentation. International Organization for Standardization, 1985 0 Printed in Switrcrlarvf Cop
7、yright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:40:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Contents Page 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 11 12 1
8、3 14 15 Introduction Scope and field of application . References . Definitions . . . _. General Abbreviations and symbols _ Vocabulary control The establishment of a multilingual thesaurus: general problems . The establishment of a multilingual thesaurus: management decisions The establishment of a
9、multilingual thesaurus: language problems. . Establishing equivalent terms in different languages Otherlanguageproblems . Relationships between terms in a multilingual thesaurus. Display of terms and relationships . Form and contents of a multilingual thesaurus . Organization of work Annexes A Symbo
10、lization of thesaural relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 11 20 25 27 31 32 35 6 Examplesofdisplays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . Ill Copyright International Organizat
11、ion for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:40:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 5984-1985 (E) Documentation - Guidelines for th
12、e establishment and development of multilingual thesauri 0 Introduction A trend towards the international exchange of information, fully supported by the UNISIST* programme of UNESCO, and exemplified by systems like the International information system for the agricultural sciences and technology (A
13、GRIS) and the Inter- national Nuclear Information System (INIS), clearly calls for a higher commitment to multilingual cooperation. Information systems are expanding across language boundaries, leading to a notable increase in the provision of indexing and retrieval tools which are either language-i
14、ndependent (the Broad System of Ordering), or multilingual. Aids of this kind are essential if retrieval of documents indexed in more than one language is not to depend on the acquisition and use of a single, dominant language. Indexers or searchers should, where possible, be able to work in their m
15、other tongues, or at least in a language with which they are already familiar. Within this context it is considered that multilingual thesauri have a significant part to play in improving the bibliographic control of literature on a global scale. The standardization of procedures for the constructio
16、n of a multilingual thesaurus is seen as a primary step in achieving compatibility between thesauri produced by indexing agencies using terms selected from different natural languages. The recording of these pro- cedures will also enable indexers engaged in this task to benefit from the experience o
17、f others, and to work in a logical and consistent fashion, using recommended practices which have been established in the course of discussions at an international level. 1 Scope and field of application 1 .I The guidelines given in this International Standard should be used in conjunction with IS0
18、2788, and regarded as an extension of the scope of the monolingual guidelines. It is considered that the majority of procedures and recommendations contained in IS0 2783 are equally valid for a multilingual thesaurus. This applies particularly to general procedures concerning, for example, the forms
19、 of terms, the basic thesaural relationships, and management operations such as evaluation and maintenance. Except when it appears to be necessary, the procedures described in IS0 2788 are not repeated here, and it is therefore essential to refer to both of these International Standards when constru
20、cting a multilingual thesaurus. I .2 These guidelines are restricted in scope to the problems of multilingualism which can arise during the construction of a “con- ventional” thesaurus, i.e. a thesaurus displaying terms selected from more than one natural language, these terms then constituting the
21、vocabulary of a controlled indexing language. Throughout this International Standard, a distinction is made between preferred terms and non-preferred terms (see definitions in clause 3). These guidelines are not applicable to indexing languages in which con- cepts are expressed entirely as symbols (
22、for example mathematical equations or chemical formulae), nor to systems which are based on the automatic analysis and searching of free text, It is considered, however, that a well-constructed multilingual thesaurus can play a significant part in improving retrieval from a free-text system which co
23、vers documents in more than one language. 1.3 Multilingual thesauri are relatively recent developments in the field of documentation, and it is inevitable, therefore, that the present guidelines should display certain limitations. a) The examples used to illustrate problems encountered in the establ
24、ishment of term equivalences have been drawn largely from the fields of science (including the social sciences) and technology. As far as possible, however, examples were chosen which illustrate general problems and procedures, i.e. those which should apply in any field of knowledge. b) It is realiz
25、ed that the procedures described in these guidelines may not be entirely appropriate for all languages. The examples have been selected, for entirely pragmatic reasons, from three of the major languages, i.e. English, French and German, but this does not imply that these languages are regarded as do
26、minant in the field of documentation. As far as possible the procedures considered here, together with their accompanying examples, relate to problems which may be encountered in any language. * Intergovernmental programme for co-operation in the field of scientific and technological information. 1
27、Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:40:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 5984-1985 (El 2 References ISOIR 639,
28、 Symbols for languages, countries and authorities. IS0 1086, Documentation - Title-leaves of a book. IS0 2780, Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1
29、coined term: A neologism especially created in a target language to express a concept which is denoted by an existing and recognized term in a source language, but which has not previously been expressed in the target language. 3.2 compound term : An indexing term (see 3.8) which can be factored mor
30、phological!y into separate components, each of which could be expressed, or re-expressed, as a noun that is capable of serving independently as an indexing term. NOTE - The parts of the great majority of compound terms can be distinguished as follows: a) the focus or head, i.e. the noun component wh
31、ich identifies the general class of concepts to which the term as a whole refers: b1 the difference or modifier, i.e. one or more further components which serve to narrow the extension of the focus by specifying one of its subclasses. In French, English and similar languages, compound terms usually
32、consist of separate words, whereas the same concept would frequently be expressed by a single word in German and some other languages. Examples: a) English German SYSTEMS ANALYSIS = SYSTEMANALYSE b) French German PONT EN BETON = BETdNBRuCKE In example (a) the English word “analysis” and the German c
33、omponent “analyse” both represent foci, and the modifying differences are represented by “systems” (English) and “system” (German). Despite these surface structural differences, however, the terms “systems analysis” and “Systemanalyse” are both regarded as compound terms for the purposes of this Int
34、ernational Standard. 3.3 dominant language: An exchange language (see 3.5) which is also used for indexing and retrieval in systems which, for policy reasons, do not give equal status to all the languages in the system. Every concept recognized in the system must necessarily be represented by a pref
35、erred term in the dominant language. In some cases, however, an equivalent expression may be lacking in one more of the other languages. These other languages are then known as secondary languages. 3.4 equal status: Languages in a multilingual thesaurus have equal status when every preferred term in
36、 one language is matched by an equivalent preferred term in all other languages. 3.6 exchange language: The language used as a medium for data exchange in those multilingual systems which, as a matter of policy, decide to use terms selected from only one language for this purpose. The exchange langu
37、age may also be used for indexing and/or retrieval, and the multilingual thesaurus then functions principally as a means for translating the local languages of indexers and enquirers into, or out of, the exchange language. The different languages in such a system would still be recognized as having
38、equal status (see 3.4) if equivalents are established reciprocally between the preferred terms in the exchange language and the pre- ferred terms in all other languages. 3.6 feedback: The act of changing the form or structure of a term in a source language in order to achieve an easier or a more use
39、ful solution to a problem encountered in a target language. Example: Let us assume that a German thesaurus is used as a source language and contains the term “Lehrerbildungsgesetz”. Direct translation of this term into English or French would call for a complicated paraphrase, “Law of education of t
40、eachers”, or “Loi sur la formation des enseignants”. Neither of these phrases would be regarded as a satisfactory indexing term. A shorter expression, which is closer to the German construction, can be achieved in English, i.e. “Teacher education law”, but this cannot be done in French. 2 Copyright
41、International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/05/2007 02:40:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 5954-1985 (El Feedback would operate if, in res
42、ponse to these problems, the original German compound term is factored into its separate com- ponents, each expressed as a noun, i.e. “Bildung”, ” Gesetz” and “Lehrec”, and if these are henceforth accepted as indexing terms in German and assigned to documents dealing with this subject. Translation i
43、nto English and French could then be carried out on this new and simpler basis, i.e. Gesetz = Law = Loi Lehrer = Teachers = Enseignant Bildung = Education = Formation The German compound term “Lehrerbildungsgeser-tz” may still be retained in the German thesaurus if it is likely to be sought by users
44、, but its status would be changed to that of a non-preferred term, and the user would be redirected to the combination of separate nouns which represents this complex concept, for example: Lehrerbildungsgesetz BS LEHRER + BILDUNG + GESETZ 3.7 indexing language: A controlled set of terms selected fro
45、m natural language and used to represent, in summary form, the subjects of documents. NOTE - In a post-coordinate system these terms are used as “keywords” for retrieval purposes, usually without attempting to indicate their syntac- tical relationships. Syntactical relationships can be indicated in
46、various ways in a pm-coordinated index, for example by printing terms in entries in an order which suggests their relative roles, and so allows the user to perceive the subject as a whole. Despite thesedifferences, however, both kinds of system can be based on controlled vocabularies of terms displa
47、yed and organized in a thesaurus. 3.8 indexing term: The representation of a concept, preferably in the form of a noun or noun phrase. NOTE - An indexing term can consist of more than one word, and is then known as a compound term(see 3.2). In a controlled indexing vocabulary, a term is designated e
48、ither as a preferred term or as a non-preferred term. 3.9 preferred term: A term used consistently when indexing to represent a given concept; sometimes known as “descriptor”. 3.10 non-preferred term: The synonym or quasi-synonym of a preferred term. A non-preferred term is not assigned to docu- men
49、ts, but is provided as an entry point in a thesaurus or alphabetical index, the user being directed by an instruction (for example USE or SEE) to the appropriate preferred term; sometimes known as “non-descriptor”. 3.11 loan term: A term in one language (the source language) which has been adopted without change in a second (or target) language. German (source