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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6322-3 Second edition 1989-07-01 Storage of cereals and pulses - Part 3: Control of attack by pests Stockage des c ffect the development and activity b) the moisture content of the grain; c) the relative humidity of the immediate atmosphere; d) the nature of the grain. Mos
2、t insect pests of stored grain cannot complete the full development from egg to adult, mating and further egg pro- duction at temperatures below 10 OC or greater than 35 OC. The minimum temperature required for the multiplication of most of the serious insect pests is about 15 OC and the lower end o
3、f the Optimum range is at least 20 OC. For most mites, the limits and Optima are generally 5 OC Iower. The moisture content of grain affects insects and mites di- rectly, since they absorb water with their food, and indirectly through controlling the relative humidity of the inter-granular air. For
4、each species, there is a minimum relative humidity below which complete development cannot take place or which is lethal. Grain of less than 9 % (mlm) moisture content (equilibrium relative humidity of approximately 30 %) is generally secure from insect or mite attack, although Trogo- derma granariu
5、m Everts (khapra beetle) tan breed at a moisture content of 2 % (mlm). For each species, there is a combination of temperature and humidity at which populations increase most rapidly. This means that different species tend to occur in those Parts of the world where the climate is most suitable for t
6、hem. A summary of these conditions for the of grain pests is given in annex A. most common species 3.4 Heating of grain caused by insects and mites Large bulks or bagged Stacks of cereals and pulses tend to stabilize the conditions of temperature and humidity within them. lt is these conditions, in
7、particular, which directly affect the insects, and not the diurnal fluctuations in the free space of the store. Local variations in the temperature and moisture con- tents of bulks are exploited by insects and mites which tend, by random movement, to find their way to favourable breeding places. If
8、conditions here are above the minima shown in 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/26/2007 19:30:17 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-
9、 ISO 6322-3 : 1989 IE) annex A, the insects will breed. As they develop they produce heat which may not disperse as rapidly as it is produced. The temperature rises and insect development accelerates. Even- tually the temperature rises to an unfavourable level, usually not above 42 OC, and those ins
10、ects which tan move outwards do so: those which cannot (for example larvae within grains) eventually die. The living insects finally concentrate at the sur- face. Temperature gradients are established in the bulk, and moisture moves from the hot interior to the cooler periphery. If the temperature a
11、t the surface is below the dew Point of the moist air from the interior, condensation will take place and the grain may eventually sprout. The moisture content and equilibrium relative humidity may be raised locally to a Point at which the growth of moulds is initiated. Thus, in grain nom- inally sa
12、fe for indefinite storage, “dry grain heating”, initiated by insects, may Change to “damp grain heating” caused by micro-organisms. The temperature in “damp grain heating” seldom rises above 62 OC and usually remains at about 52 OC. 3.5 Prevention and control of insect and mite infestation 3.5.1 Pre
13、vention Attack may be prevented by denying access to insects and mites, by maintaining an environment unfavourable for breeding, or by applying a protective treatment to the grain. The principal techniques for prevention are good hygiene, (i.e. the removal of all unwanted grain and dust in which ins
14、ects and mites tan breed), treatment of empty locations, and control of the environment, by such means as a) keeping grain below the temperature or the humidity necessary for increase in pest numbers (for example by dry- ing, aerated storage, refrigerated storage) ; b) hermetic or inert-atmosphere s
15、torage; c) enclosing pest-free grain in insect-resistant Containers; d) addition of insecticidesl) (for example pyrethrins, organophosphorus insecticides) to repel or kill invading insects. 3.5.2 Control 3.5.2.1 General An Overall strategy involving several methods is usually necessary. Control may
16、include killing or removing insects and mites a) in empty storage buildings; b) in empty transport vehicles; c) in Containers (including Sacks) before they are filled with grain ; d) in the grain itself. 3.5.2.2 Mechanical and physical methods Grain may be a) screened to remove free living insects a
17、nd mites; b) treated with inert dusts; c) heated (but care is needed because there is only a small differential between the temperature needed to kill insects and that at which grain may be damaged); d) treated with gamma radiation, other high-frequency electromagnetic waves or accelerated electrons
18、; e) placed in airtight storage, in which insects are killed when they reduce the Oxygen content in the atmosphere to below 2 % ; f) placed in an artificially generated controlled at- mosphere; g) aerated to lower its temperature and/or moisture con- tent. 3.5.2.3 Biological methods There are very f
19、ew circumstances in which biological control (i.e. the use of predators, parasites or pathogens) is likely to be effective in the control of cereal pests, because the levels of stabilized populations are normally too high to be tolerated. The bacterium Bc;/us thurli7giensis is used commercially for
20、the control of moths in stored wheat, maize, Sorghum grain, rough rice and soya beans. 3.5.2.4 Chemical methods Chemicals are used in two main forms, i.e. contact insecticides and fumigants. 3.5.2.4.1 Contact insecticides Residual contact insecticides and acaricides - applied as dusts, oil-in-water
21、emulsions or water dispersible Sprays, aerosols or smokes - render the surfaces of empty stores, transport vehicles, ships, cargo Containers and conveying equipment toxic to insects and mites. When the insects and mites Cross these surfaces they pick up sufficient toxic material to kill them before
22、they resch the commodity to be protected. This technique is effective against crawling insects and mites. The period for which the insecticide persists is dependent on the nature of the surface, temperature, moisture content of the air and extent of exposure to light. Flying insects may be killed by
23、 the use of aerosols or smokes whilst in flight, or when they 1) References to “insecticides” are intended to include also “acaricides”. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/2
24、6/2007 19:30:17 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6322-3 : 1989 (El alight on a treated surface; flying insects and those on the sur- face of commodities may also be controlled by volatile insec- ticides intermediate in properties between contact insectici
25、des and fumigants. Some insecticides and acaricides may be added to grain as dusts or Sprays, but because of the danger to health the number which may be used in this way is limited (see 3.5.2.4.3). 3.5.2.4.2 Fumigants Control of pest populations deep in the structure of buildings or vehicles, in em
26、pty Sacks and in the grain itself, whether in bags or bulk, tan be achieved only by fumigants, which act as gases, even though they may be applied as solids or liquids, and which normally have no residual effect on insects or mites after the fumigant has dispersed. Fumigant gases are generally toxic
27、 to man and should only be used by properly trained persons, who know the dangers and the necessary safeguards. 3.5.2.4.3 Pesticide residues In many countries the sale and use of insecticides is regulated by Governments whose requirements keep in mind the possibilities of contamination of any grain
28、to which they may be applied. The recommendations of the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission regarding limits for residues in food are taken into account in such regulations. Only those insec- ticides which are specifically approved in this way should be used in grain stores or mixed with pulses o
29、r cereals, and even then they should be used strictly in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations and any Government re- quirements in regard to safety in use. The recommendation of the International Maritime Organiza- tion (IMO) regarding the use of pesticides in ships should also be taken
30、 into account. Such use should also take into account the requirements of purchasers (for example some maltsters require for barley a cer- tificate of freedom from malathion) within a country and in other countries. 4 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under lic
31、ense with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/26/2007 19:30:17 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6322-3 : 1989 (E) Annex A (informative) Limiting and Optimum conditions for increase in populations of certain insect and mit
32、e pests of stored pulses and cereals Maximum Susceptibility of Minimum Optimum rate of Common name products to Speeies (sec the footnote temper- relative temper- relative multipli- attack 1) on page 1) ature humidity ature cation OC % OC homy per month . bd c c* c* c P p Acanthoscelides obtectus (Sa
33、y.) dried bean beetle 17 30 27 to 31 65 25 0 Acarus siro L. flour mite 2,5 65 21 to 27 , 80 2 500 0 0 0 0 Caffosobruchus chinensis ( L. ) cowpea beetle 19 30 28 to 32 / 60 30 0 Calfosobruchus macula tus ( F . ) cowpea beetle 22 30 30 to 35 50 50 0 Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) rice moth 18 30 28 to
34、32 30 IO 0 0 Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) rust red grain beetle 23 IO 32 to 35 65 60 0 0 Cryptolestes pusiffus (Schn. ) flat grain beetle 22 60 28 to 33 70 10 0 0 Ephestia cautefa ( WI k. ) tropical warehouse moth 17 25 28 to 32 60 50 0 0 Ephestia e/ute/a ( H bn . ) warehouse moth IO 30 25 70 1
35、5 0 0 0 Ephestia kuehnieffa Zeller Mediterranean flour moth 10 1 24 to 27 65 50 .l l , L asioderma serricorne ( F . ) cigarette beetle 22 30 32 to 35 55 20 0 0 Latheticus oryzae Waterh. long-headed flour beetle 26 30 33 to 37 - IO 10 0 Oryzaephilus surinamensis ( L. ) saw toothed grain beetle 21 10
36、31 to 34 65 50 l j 0 Plodia interpuncteffa (Hbn.) Indian meal moth 18 40 28 to 32 - 30 I. 0 Ptinus tectus Boield. Australian Spider beetle 10 50 23 to 25 70 4 8 .l ) 0 0 Rhizopertha dominica ( F. ) lesser grain borer 23 30 32 to 35 / 50 20 0 j 0 Sitophilus granarius ( L. ) grain weevil 15 50 26 to 3
37、0 70 15 0 j Sitophilus oryzae ( L . 1 rice weevil 17 60 27 to 31 1 70 Sto troga cerealeffa ( 0 I iv. ) Angoumois grain moth 16 30 26 to 30 - Tribolium castaneum ( Herbst. ) rust red flour beetle 22 1 32 to 35 65 Tribolium confusum D UV. confused flour beetle 21 1 30 to 33 50 Trogoderma granarium Eve
38、 rts . khapra beetle 24 1 33 to 37 45 Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bob.) 22 30 29 to 33 50 20 0 1) Key: C- whole undamaged cereals C” - germ of cereals * c - cereal grain already damaged mechanically or by other insects C- cereal products P- whole pulses P - pulse products 5 Copyright International Organi
39、zation for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/26/2007 19:30:17 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 6322-3 : 1989 (E) Annex B (informative) Bibliography ISO 605 : 1977, Puls
40、es - Methods of test. ISO 6322-1 : 1981, Storage of cereals and pulses - Part 7 : General considerations in keeping cereals. ISO 6322-2 : 1981, Storage of cereals and pulses - Part 2: Essential requirements. ISO 6639-1 : 1986, Cereals and pulses - Determination o f hidden insect in festa tion - Part
41、 7 : General principles. ISO 6639-2 : 1986, Cereals and pulses - Determination of hidden insect infestation - Part 2: Sampling. ISO 6639-3 : 1986, Cereals and pulses - Determination of hidden insect infestation - Part 3: Reference method. ISO 6639-4 : 1987, Cereals and pulses - Determination of hidd
42、en insect infestation - Part 4: Rapid methods. UDC 633.1+635.651 : 664.8.03 : 599.32 Descriptors : agricultural products, cereal products, grains (food), leguminous grains, storage, tests, pest control. Price based on 6 pages 6 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/26/2007 19:30:17 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-