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1、TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14569-1 First edition 2007-05-15 Reference number ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) ISO 2007 Dental materials Guidance on testing of wear Part 1: Wear by toothbrushing Produits dentaires Recommandations relatives aux essais de rsistance lusure Partie 1: Usure par brossage des dents Copy
2、right International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) ii ISO 2007 All ri
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6、 below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2007 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the a
7、ddress below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by
8、IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for S
9、tandardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the ri
10、ght to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internationa
11、l Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as
12、an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it m
13、ay decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that
14、some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 14569-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 2, Prosthodontic materials. This first edition cancels
15、 and replaces ISO/TS 14569-1:1999, which has been technically revised. ISO/TR 14569 consists of the following parts, under the general title Dental materials Guidance on testing of wear: Part 1: Wear by toothbrushing Part 2: Wear by two- and/or three body contact Copyright International Organization
16、 for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reserved Introduction It is
17、 well understood that the wear mechanisms in the mouth are very complex. In addition they may differ from one individual to another. Therefore it appears impossible to reproduce these varying conditions in a single wear test. As a consequence, many wear tests have been proposed in dental science. Mo
18、st of them consider mainly one specific aspect of the different mechanisms, and some of them even claim to be able to characterize the wear resistance of dental materials completely. However, these procedures are not really comparable because of the different wear mechanisms considered, and the lack
19、 of a generally accepted test method. It therefore makes sense to utilize laboratory tests, investigating the various wear aspects arising separately under clinical conditions. They may determine wear, only for the clinical situation in which the same wear mechanism dominates; but it might be possib
20、le to predict the complete clinical wear by a number of different test methods. In this part of ISO/TR 14569, wear by tooth brushing is considered. This is one aspect of the wear problem and may only be important for materials exposed to tooth brushing, such as materials used on labial surfaces. The
21、 intention of this part of ISO/TR 14569 is to define conditions for the various existing laboratory tests so that they can deliver comparable results and can be used for at least a screening of different materials. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under licens
22、e with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORTISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1 Dental materials Guidance on testing of wear Part 1:
23、 Wear by toothbrushing 1Scope This part of ISO/TR 14569 provides guidelines for test methods for the assessment of resistance to wear by tooth brushing for the following materials: materials used for the preparation of artificial teeth; veneering of crowns and bridges. This part of ISO/TR 14569 does
24、 not cover phenomena such as the marginal degradation and loss of substance by chemical processes, swelling, splintering of edges or wear from contact with the antagonist. 2Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated refer
25、ences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1183-1:2004, Plastics Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pyknometer method and titration met
26、hod ISO 1942-2:1989, Dental vocabulary Part 2: Dental materials ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test methods ISO 11609:1995, Dentistry Toothpastes Requirements, test methods and marking 3Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and defin
27、itions given in ISO 1942-2 and the following apply. 3.1 wear loss of substance by the action of the toothbrush in combination with toothpaste NOTESuch wear is a type of three-body wear. 4Test method 4.1General test conditions The specimens should be tested at .(232) C Copyright International Organiz
28、ation for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved 4.2Apparatus a
29、nd materials 4.2.1Test machine, with at least two equivalent stations for specimens and provision for meeting the following requirements: a)the load that presses the brush against the specimen is between and ; b)the temperature of the toothpaste slurry is kept at . 4.2.2Analytical balance, with an a
30、ccuracy of . 4.2.3Ultrasonic water bath, containing deionized water (4.2.5) and of a detergent such as sodium lauryl sulfate. 4.2.4Toothbrushes, in accordance with reference 1, with a stiffness of to , index 7. 4.2.5Deionized water, of grade 3 in accordance with ISO 3696:1987. 4.2.6Toothpaste, in ac
31、cordance with ISO 11609:1995, main text or A.3.6. Prepare an abrasive slurry from a mixture of toothpaste and deionized water (4.2.5) in the ratio of of water to of toothpaste. 4.2.7Five reference specimens, made from a linear uncrosslinked and unplasticized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) referenc
32、e material with a molecular weight over 1 000 000. 4.3Preparation of test specimens Prepare specimens of the dental material under test in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Use a mould designed according to the requirements of the test machine. Prepare at least six specimens. Prepare r
33、eference specimens of PMMA (4.2.7) in the same manner. The dimensions of the reference specimens should not differ by more than from the corresponding dimensions of the test specimens. The surfaces of the specimens which are exposed to the tooth brushing should be flat and wet-ground with grade 1 00
34、0 silicon carbide paper. Condition all test specimens and reference specimens (4.2.7) in water at for prior to the test. 4.4Determination of density After the specimens have been conditioned in water at for , determine the density, , of the test material and of the reference material in accordance w
35、ith ISO 1183-1:2004 (Method A) to an accuracy of two decimal places. In this test, the density of the plastic objects is determined by Archimedes principle. 4.5Test procedure Remove the specimens from the water bath and rinse them with tap water. Clean them afterwards for in an ultrasonic bath (4.2.
36、3). Remove the specimens individually from the ultrasonic bath and dab them with blotting paper or a drying cloth until free from visible moisture. Then wave each specimen in the air for after removal from the water and weigh to an accuracy of (mass ). Fix the specimens in the wear test machine (4.2
37、.1), cover them with abrasive slurry (4.2.6) and use the toothbrushes (4.2.4) to effect wear for a given time, long enough that the change in mass of the reference material specimen is at least . 0,5 N2,5 N (233) C 0,1 mg 1 % 9 cN/mm210 cN/mm2 2 g 1 g 0,2 mm (371) C 7 d 37 C 7 d ref 1 min 15 s 1 min
38、0,1 mgm1 2 mg Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E)
39、ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 Test at least five specimens of each test material and reference material. Each run may contain more than one type of material. If more than one material is to be tested, each run should contain the test material(s) and the reference material. After the wear test, remo
40、ve all specimens from the machine and subject them to the same cleaning and drying as above. Again weigh the specimens after removal from the water to an accuracy of (mass ). 5Calculation and expression of results 5.1Calculate the loss in mass (worn mass) for each test specimen, , and the reference
41、specimen, , in milligrams, to the nearest , using the equations: where is the mass of the reference material specimen before the test; is the mass of the reference material specimen after the test. 5.2Calculate the loss in volume (worn volume) from each test specimen, , and reference specimen, , usi
42、ng the equations: where is the density of the test material; is the density of the reference material. 5.3Calculate the relative worn volume, , from the following equation, using the mean values for and for each individual run. If there are large differences in the values from one test run to the ne
43、xt, the values should be calculated for each individual run. 6Test report The test report should contain at least the following information: a)reference to this Technical Report i. e., ISO/TR 14569-1:2007; b)the reference material (e.g. Plexiglas/Perspex/Acrylite) and any specification to characteri
44、ze the material if available; c)the mean value of the worn volume, , and number of samples of the test material; d)the mean value of the worn volume, , and number of samples of the reference material; 1 min0,1 mgm2 mmref 0,1 mg m = m1 m2 mref= m1ref m2ref m1ref m2ref V Vref V = m Vref= mref ref ref
45、VrelwV Vref Vrelw(%) = V 100 Vref mVrelw V Vref Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
46、 IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) 4 ISO 2007 All rights reserved e)the mean value and the range of values of the relative worn volume, ; f)the density, , of the test material; g)the density, , of the reference material; h)the toothpaste used in the test; i)the toothbrush used in the test and how oft
47、en it was changed during the test; j)any change made in the test procedure as described in Clause 4; k)the date of test; l)the responsible person and signature. Vrelw ref Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001
48、, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not for Resale, 06/01/2007 02:49:55 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/TR 14569-1:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 5 Bibliography 1ISO 8627, Dentistry Stiffness of the tufted area of tooth-brushes Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Gearhard, Marcus Not fo