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1、TR TECHNICAL R E P O R T Translated and Published by Japanese Standards Association Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Examples of application of IS0 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis ICs 13.020.10 ; 13.020.60 Descriptors : waste handling, wastes, waste contro
2、l Reference number : TR Q 0004 : 2000 (E) PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT 26 S Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fro
3、m IHS -,-,- TR Q 0004 : 2000 Foreword This translation has been made based on the original Technical Report published by the Minister of International Trade and Industry through deliberations at the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee in accordance with the Industrial Standardization Law: Date o
4、f Publication: 2000-12-20 Limit of Validity: 2005-12-19 Investigated by: Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Divisional Council on Accreditation and Certification Classification: Type Ili TR Q 0004: 2000, First English edition published in 2002-09 Translated and published by: Japanese Standards
5、Association 4-1-24, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-8440 JAPAN In the event of any doubts arising as to the contents, the original JIS is to be the final authority. O JSA 2002 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
6、any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Japan PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not
7、 for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TR Q 0004 : 2000 Contents Page 1 2 2 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 12 15 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 Introduction . 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scope . Technical Introduction Examples of developing fun
8、ctions, functional units and reference flows . 3.1 Context of the standard 3.2 Overview . 3.3 Identification of functions 3.4 Selection of functions and definition of functional unit . 3.5 Identification of performance of the product and determination of the reference flow . 3.6 Additional examples
9、Examples of distinguishing functions of comparative systems . 4.1 Context of the standard 4.2 Overview . 4.3 Identification and selection of functions 4.4 Equivalence of reference flows 4.5 Adjusting for performance differences Examples of establishing inputs and outputs of unit processes and system
10、 boundaries 5.1 Context of the standard 5.2 Overview . 5.3 Determining the product systems unit processes and their boundaries . 5.4 Initial collection of data at each unit processes 5.5 Initial estimate of material and energy flows 5.6 Decision rules for mass contribution Decision rules for energy
11、Decision rules for environmental relevance Inputs, outputs and system boundaries established . Applying decision rules . . i. . 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.7 Examples of avoiding allocation 6 . 1 Context of the standard 6.2 Overview . 6.3 Example of allocation avoidance by dividing the unit process to be al
12、located into two or more processes . (i PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -
13、,-,- TR Q 0004 : 2000 7 8 9 6.4 Example of allocation avoidance by expanding the boundaries for comparison of systems with different outputs Examples of allocation . 7.1 Context of the Standard 7.2 Overview . 7.3 Description of the examples . Example of allocation on purely physical relationships .
14、7.3.1 7.3.2 Example of allocation on a purely economic basis Example of applying allocation procedures of recycling 8.1 Context of the standard 8.2 Overview . 8.3 Description of the examples . 8.3.1 8.3.2 Example of open-loop with closed loop recycling procedure 8.3.3 Open loop recycling . 8.3.3.1 B
15、asis for allocation 8.3.3.2 Determination of uses for recoveredhecycled kraft bleached paperboard (KBPB) material 8.3.3.3 Calculation of the number of uses . 8.3.3.4 Calculation of the allocation factor based on the number of uses 8.3.3.5 Final loadings to the different systems . Examples of conduct
16、ing data quality assessment 9.1 Context of the standard 9.2 Overview . 9.3 Data requirements to establish the specific listing of sites 9.3.1 Time-related coverage . 9.3.2 Geographical coverage Requirements to characterize the quality of the data . 9.4.1 Precision 9.4.2 Completeness . 9.4.3 Represen
17、tativeness 9.4.4 Consistency . 9.4.5 Reproducibility 9.4.6 Identification of anomalies/missing data Example of closed loop recycling . 9.3.3 Technology coverage . 9.4 20 22 22 22 22 22 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 31 32 32 33 34 35 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 10 Examples of performing sensitiv
18、ity analysis 40 10.1 Context of the Standard 40 (ii) PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without licen
19、se from IHS -,-,- TR Q 0004 : 2000 10.2 Overview . 10.3 Description of the examples . 10.3.1 General 10.3.2 Prioritization of the parameters to be tested 10.3.3 Selection of the parameters to be tested 10.3.3.1 Overview of the example 10.3.3.2 Types of sensitivity analysis applicable to the study 10
20、.3.3.3 Selecting a range of values within feasible boundaries 10.3.4 Calculations . 10.3.5 Conclusions . 40 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 (iii) PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not
21、for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORT TR Q 0004 : 2000 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Examples of application of IS0 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis Introduction This Te
22、chnical Rwort has been prepared based on ISO/TR 14049 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Examples of application of IS0 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis published in 2000 without modifying the technical contents. The heightened awareness of the importance of
23、environmental protection, and the possible impacts associated with products manufactured and consumed, has increased the interest in the development of methods to better comprehend and reduce these impacts. One of the techniques being developed for this purpose is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). To fac
24、ilitate a harmonized approach, a family of standards on life cycle assessment (LCA), including JiS Q 14040, JIS Q 14041, JIS Q 14042 and JIS Q 14043. These Standards describe principles of conducting and reporting LCA studies with certain minimal requirements. Among these Standards, national standar
25、ds corresponding to IS0 14040 and IS0 14041 were established as JIS Q 14040 and JIS Q 14041 respectively. Concerning IS0 14042 and IS0 14043, JIS Q 14042 and JIS Q 14043 are to be published in 2001. This Technical Report provides supplemental information to the Standard, JIS Q 14041, Environmental m
26、anagement - Life cycle assessment - Goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory analysis, based on several examples .n key areas of the Standard in order to enhance the understanding of the requirements of the standard. Methodological requirements for conducting LCA studies are provided in th
27、e following Standards concerning the various phases of LCA: - JIS Q 14040: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework. - JIS Q 14041 : Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Goal and scope definition and in ven tory a na lysis. - IS0 14042: Environmental
28、management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle impact assessment. - IS0 14043: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Life cycle interpretation. PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=
29、Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 2 TR Q 0004 : 2000 1 Scope This Technical Report provides examples about practices in carrying out an Life Cycle Inventory analysis (LCI) as a means of satisfying certain provis
30、ions of JIS Q 14041. These examples are only a sample c f the possible cases satisfying the provisions of the standard. They should be read as offering a way or ways rather than the unique way of applying the standard. Also they reflect only certain portions of an LCI study. It should be noted that
31、the examples presented in this Technical Report are not exclusive and that many other examples exist to illustrate the methodological issues described. The examples are only portions of a complete LCI study. 2 Technical Introduction The examples focus on six key areas of JE Q 14041 as indicated in T
32、able I . In some key areas there is more than one example. The reason is that in many cases more than one practice exists. The decision about the application of one or the other practices is goal dependent and can vary e.g- from the product system under investigation or in the stages over the life c
33、ycle. The examples are described in the context of the corresponding provisions of the standard and with the specific use. In the description of the different cases, whenever possible, the following structure has been adopted : Context of the standard Overview Description of the examples PROTECTED B
34、Y COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 3 TR Q 0004 : 2000 Table 1 - Cross references
35、between JIS Q 14041 and examples i n this document JIS Q 14041 O Introduction 1 Scope 2 Normative reference 3 Terms and definitions 4 LCI components 4.1 General 4.2 Product system 4.3 Unit process 4.4 Data categories 4.5 Modelling product systems Definition of goal and scope 5.1 General 5.2 Goal of
36、the study 5.3 Scope of the study 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Function, functional unit and 5 reference flow 5.3.3 Initial system boundaries 5.3.4 description of data categories 5.3.5 Criteria for initial inclusion of inputs and outputs 5.3.6 Data quality requirements 5.3.7 Critical review 6 Inventory analys
37、is 6.1 General 6.2 Preparing for data collection 6.3 Data collection 6.4 Calculation procedures 6.4.1 General 6.4.2 Validation of data 6.4.3 Relating data to the unit process 6.4.4 Relating data to functional unit and data aggregation 6.4.5 Refining the system boundaries 6.5.1 General 6 . 5 . 2 Allo
38、cation principles 6.5.3 Allocation procedure 6.5 Allocation of flows and releases 6.5.4 Allocation procedures for reuse Limitation of LCI (interpreting LCI results) and recycling 7 8 Studyreport ANNEX A Example of a data collection sheet 6 Examples of different allocation procedures Examples in TR Q
39、 0004 i 3 4 Examples o f developing functions, functional units and reference flows Examples of distinguishing functions o f comparative systems 5 10 9 9 9 3 10 6 6 7 8 9 10 Examples of establishing the inputs, outputs and boundary of unit process Examples o f performing sensitivity analysis Example
40、s o f conducting data quality assessment Examples of conducting data quality assessment Examples of conducting. data quality assessment Examples of developing functions, functional units and reference flows Examples of performing sensitivity analysis Examples of avoiding allocation Examples of avoid
41、ing allocation Examples of applying allocation Examples of applying allocation procedures for recycling Examples of conducting data quality assessment Examples of performing sensitivity analysis PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALic
42、ensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 4 TR Q 0004 : 2000 3 Examples of developing functions, functional units and reference flows 3 . 1 Context of the standard JIS Q 14041 states
43、 in 5.3.2 that: - In defining the scope of an LCA study, a clear statement on the specification of the functions (performance characteristics) of the product shall be made. - The functional unit defines the quantification of these identified functions. The functional unit shall be consistent with th
44、e goal and scope of the study. - One of the primary purposes of a functional unit is to provide a reference to which the input and output data are normalized (in a mathematical sense). Therefore the functional unit shall be clearly defined and measurable. - Having defined the functional unit, the am
45、ount of product which is necessary to fulfil the function shall be quantified. The result of this quantification is the reference flow. and in 6.4.4 that: - Based on the flow chart and systems boundaries, unit processes are interconnected to allow calculations on the complete system. This is accompl
46、ished by normalizing the flows of all unit processes in the system to the functional unit. The calculation should result in all system input and output data being referenced to the functional unit. 3.2 Overview In defining a functional unit and determining the reference flows, the following steps ca
47、n be distinguished: - identification of functions; - selection of functions and definition of functional unit; - identification of performance of the product and determination of the reference flow. The sequence of these steps is depicted in Figure 1 using the example of paint. This example is also
48、used in the following text (3.3 to 3.5). Further examples are given in 3.6. PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT Copyright Japanese Standards Association Provided by IHS under license with JSALicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/12/2007 21:33:43 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 5 TR Q 0004 : 2000 3.3 Identification of functions 3.4 Selection of functions and definition of functional unit 3.5 Identification of