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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2006 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
3、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fa
4、x: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS:http:/www.sae.org AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP5119 Issued1999-05 Reaffirmed2006-08 Location of and Display Symbology Requirements for Head-Down Electronic Flight Displays for Steep IMC Approaches RATIONALE This document has been rea
5、ffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-year Review policy. FOREWORD Vertical flight aircraft possess the unique capability to perform approaches at angles above that of a conventional or even STOL aircraft. Such approach angles often exceed 4 and in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) may approach 45.
6、Instrument meteorological condition (IMC) approaches of 6 to 12 are not impossible (in a flight director driven autopilot coupled system), with 6 to 9 being the most likely for normal operations (using manually flown flight director guidance). These numbers are derived from flight test and simulatio
7、n and a function of display symbology and aircraft handling qualities coupled with automated flight control systems. To assist in the performance of steep approaches, flight displays need to be located in the most advantageous place for pilot viewability and the symbology depicted needs to be intuit
8、ive and readily useable. Workload reduction and performance are related to (and are a function of) both display symbology and aircraft flying (handling) qualities. For a pilot to perform steeper approaches with a lower workload in an aircraft with less than desirable handling qualities, a set of cor
9、rectly selected and displayed symbols is required. Conversely, given an aircraft with an excellent flight control system and fairly benign handling qualities, a pilot can accept a poorer set of symbology, since the aircraft can absorb the workload. Excellent, intuitive displays are essential. They a
10、re required to: 1.augment poor flying qualities which are sometimes produced by flight controls system malfunction modes 2.ounter or compensate for unusually adverse combinations of wind, turbulence, icing, etc. SAE ARP5119 - 2 - FOREWORD (Continued) Intuitive, low workload - high performance displa
11、ys are essential. Potential display degradation may be acceptable only if the environment and the aircraft handling qualities are fairly benign. Recommended approaches to this symbology/handling qualities mix may include traditional flight director symbology, but may be better served by innovative a
12、nd more intuitive symbology such as pictorial flight path displays (tunnel-in-the-sky) and flight path vector guidance. NOTE:Requirements for helmet/head-mounted and/or head-up displays will be addressed in another, separate document. SAE ARP5119 - 3 - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.SCOPE .5 1.1Purpose.5 1.2Fi
13、eld of Application5 2.REFERENCES .5 2.1Applicable Documents 5 2.1.1SAE Publications 6 2.1.2U.S. Government Publications7 2.1.3FAR Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, unpublished, 1989 Avionics, Crew Systems Integration The Boeing 777, Flight Safety Foundation 4
14、5th International Air Safety Seminar, Long Beach, CA, November, 1992 Civil Tiltrotor Missions and Applications: A Research Study; NASA Contractor Report 177451, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Bell Textron, Boeing Vertol, NASA ARC, November 1987 Decker, William, CTR-4 Civil Tiltrotor Symbology D
15、esign Simulation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, 1995 Grunwald, A., Robertson, J. and Harfield, J., Evaluation of a Computer-Generated Perspective Tunnel Display for Flight Path Following, NASA Technical Paper 1736. Langley: National Aeronautics a
16、nd Space Administration, December 1980 Integrated Cockpit Assessment; NASA Contract NAS2-13625 Phase 2 Task 15, Draft Report, June 1995 Managing the Modern Cockpit: Third Human Error Avoidance Techniques Conference Proceedings, SAE P-239, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, PA 1990 New
17、man, Richard L., Head-Up Displays: Designing the Way Ahead, Ashgate Publishing Company, Brookfield, VT, 1995 OHare, D, Display Technology Human Factors Concepts, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1990 V-22 Side-Stick Controller Study, Bell*Boeing FSD V-22 Contract, Boeing Helicopters
18、, Philadelphia, PA, 1990 Woods, David D. and Elias, Glenn, Significant Messages: An Integrated Display Concept; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 2.3Definitions: DISPLAY: Any visual system used to present formatted data and/or symbology to the flight crew. Displays may be singular in purpose, such
19、 as the primary flight display, or multifunction, permitting a multitude of formats to be presented. FLIGHT DECK: That portion of the forward aircraft fuselage containing the flight stations and all associated equipment, controls and displays necessary for the flight control of the aircraft. SAE ARP
20、5119 - 10 - 2.4Acronyms and Terminology: AGLAbove Ground Level - Altitude measured from the ground to the aircraft wheel height/ fuselage underside, usually by radar altimeter. ALAltitude - Normally a notation to indicate a standby display. AMLDCActive Matrix Liquid Crystal Display A device for disp
21、laying data using a series of interconnected and interactive transistors arranged in such a manner as to display a unified RGB symbol. Area Navigation - see RNAV ASAirspeed - A notation to indicate a standby display. ATAttitude - A notation to indicate a standby display. BALTBarometric Altitude CACr
22、ew Alert/Crew Alerting CASCrew Alert/Crew Alerting System - The system of displays and tactile/aural/visual indications, generated by the aircraft electronic flight data management systems, to alert or appraise the crew to/of any required data or condition. CDICourse Deviation Indicator CDUControl D
23、isplay Unit - The keyboard and associated display used for input/display of selected/required data. CDU/EICASControl Display Unit/Engine, Instruments, Crew Alerting System - The keyboard and associated display used for input/display of selected/required data associated with an integrated engine, dri
24、ve and crew alerting system display. CDSControl Display System - Central display surface/system using the 6 in x 8 in display surface for data input/display and systems control. CFITControlled Flight Into Terrain - Inadvertent stable and controlled flight of an aircraft into underlying/adjoining ter
25、rain, with or without warning. CMSCockpit Management System - The integrated computerized flight deck/cockpit systems of the V-22 used to manage/schedule/control all other systems within the V- 22 aircraft. COMMCommunications SAE ARP5119 - 11 - 2.4 (Continued): CRTCathode Ray Tube - A device for dis
26、playing data on a phosphor screen excited by a directed and focused electron beam. Crew Alerting The system through which flight crews are made aware of normal and non-normal system functioning. CTRCentered display format with the aircraft position at the center of the display. See also Civil Tiltro
27、tor. DCTRDe-centered display format with the aircraft position normally at the bottom center of the display. DEUDisplay Electronics Unit - An electronic module that controls formatting and logic for electronic display systems. DGPSDifferential Global Positioning System - A system for determining exa
28、ct horizontal and vertical position using satellite-based data and a locally broadcast error correction signal. DHDecision Height - Associated with precision approach TERPS criteria. DMADefense Mapping Agency - U.S. government group tasked with developing and providing maps of the world. Usually ass
29、ociated with terrain maps. DMEDistance Measuring Equipment - Ground based navigation transmitter/receiver using UHF signals that when transmitted and received will display distance in nautical miles. DMSDigital Map System - An onboard, computer generated navigation display system based on either DMA
30、 topographical data or a sectional/WAC-type map display used to provide enroute and terminal terrain data. Proposed to be integrated with the CFIT ground avoidance system. EICASEngine, Instruments, Crew Alerting System - A centrally located display used to display both aircraft systems parameters an
31、d crew alerting data. EFISElectronic Flight Information System - A system of electronic-based display surfaces enabling generated symbology to be presented on an electronic surface, typically a CRT, LCD, or other suitable device. EGPWSEnhanced Ground Proximity Warning System - Based on terrain data
32、base coordinated/coupled with radar altimeter and rate of closure/rate of descent data and aircraft configuration. Generates alerts, visual tone and/or voice annunciation alerts to warn pilots of upcoming (impending) terrain along the predicted flight path. Warnings are based on terrain proximity to
33、 aircraft flight level. -,-,- SAE ARP5119 - 12 - 2.4 (Continued): ENAVElectronic Navigation - Navigation based on electronically transmitted ground-based navigation aids such as TACAN, VOR and VORTAC signals. FARFederal Aviation Regulations - That set of the Federal Code regulations governing the av
34、iation system in the United States. FDFlight Director - A cockpit/flight deck system that uses aircraft systems-generated data for actual attitude, performance and navigation system error data to generate a correction message. That correction message can be sent to an autopilot system, displayed to
35、the pilot in symbology, or both. FDPFlight Director Panel The flight deck/cockpit control, through which all flight functions such as heading, airspeed, course and navigation system and autopilot functions are selected, actuated and annunciated. FLIRForward Looking Infrared - A system using infrared
36、 light energy to see heat generated data. FMSFlight Management System - The automated, computer-controlled integrated system, through which all flight dynamics including speeds, attitude, engine throttle and navigation functions are planned, controlled and monitored. Forward Looking Infrared (see FL
37、IR) FOVField of View or Field of Regard Primary Field of View - All displays and symbology required for flight and especially for steep approaches shall be located in front of each pilot station and viewable from that station with no obstruction intervening. All required symbology (both dynamic and
38、static) shall be inside the primary cone of vision as defined as a 30 cone originating from the operational eye point bisected by the pilots normal line of sight. This cone shall contain required immediate warning alert system indications. This applies only to any HDD. Secondary FOV - All displays,
39、alerts and symbology determined to be secondary instrumentation shall be located within a 60 cone of vision. FPLNFlight Plan - The term used in the V-22 (and other systems) to indicate the collected, associated series of waypoints and associated data that comprises the entire concept/plan of a fligh
40、t. FPVFlight Path Vector - A symbol or set of symbols that indicate the actual aircraft performance and flight path. -,-,- SAE ARP5119 - 13 - 2.4 (Continued): Global Positioning System (see GPS) GPSGlobal Positioning System - A U.S. system of twenty-three (or more) geosynchronous low earth orbit sat
41、ellites used to broadcast navigation position signals to aircraft enabling triangulation of aircraft surface position and altitude. Russia has a similar system named GLONASS. GPWSGround Proximity Warning System - Based on radar altimeter and rate of closure/rate of descent data and aircraft configur
42、ation. Emits warning tone and voice annunciation alert to perform required operation, e.g. “PULL UPPULL UP”. HDDHead Down Display - Traditional display surfaces mounted into the flight deck/cockpit instrument panel, below the glare shield. HLDHead Level Display - Any non-seethrough display or displa
43、y mounted at the head level just below a HUD in which the collimated image or symbology remains conformal. HMDHead Mounted Display/Helmet Mounted Display - Any optics display system mounted to the head or a helmet device used to display flight symbology through a combiner glass in front of the pilot
44、s eyes. The display is focused to permit the pilot to look through the imagery to see the actual scene. Use of the HMD permits the symbology to be presented to the pilot regardless of the direction the pilot looks. HUDHead Up Display - Any optics display system mounted to the aircraft flight deck/ c
45、ockpit glare-shield used to display flight symbology through a combiner glass in front of the pilots eyes. The display is focused to permit the pilot to look through the imagery to see the actual scene in front of the aircraft. The pilots eyes must be positioned in the design eye box to use the HUD.
46、 HSDHorizontal Situation Display - A planform view of the aircraft navigation situation with the aircraft either at the center or bottom of the display (decentered). Data displayed usually includes (but is not limited to) a compass rose with radio magnetic indicator needles (RMIs), selected course a
47、nd deviation, distance data (DME), navigation reference points within range, and flight plan legs (limited number based on relevance to flight plan and display field of regard). HVR(1) Hover Display - V-22 display format used to provide hovering data to the flight crew. (2) V-22 Flight Director func
48、tion enabling the Hover (position or ground speed) Hold mode. IGImage Generator - Electronic system used to generate (format and display) symbology data. -,-,- SAE ARP5119 - 14 - 2.4 (Continued): INAVInertial Navigation - Navigation based on internally mounted sensor packages such as inertial refere
49、nce navigation systems (INS), i.e. V-22 LightWeight Inertial Navigation Systems (LWINS). INSInertial Navigation System - A computerized, self-contained onboard navigation system allowing an aircraft (or any moveable object) to update and report position based on an initial position fix and the inertia (directional velocity) of the vehicle. System provides best accuracy when periodically updated. JARJoint Aviation Re