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1、l本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译院（系部） 专业名称 年级班级 学生姓名 指导老师 2010年06月11日Summarizing The Global Positioning SystemAbstract: Global Positioning System is based on the background of the United States Department of Defense.It is designed,invested,developed,and operated by the United States Department of Defense ,GPS is
2、a satellite-based positioning and time transfering GPS positioning function has a wide range of applications in the modern measurement and a more modern building.GPS-RTK technology is also widely used in modernization building, and now GPS has also been shown to be an important civilian communities
3、of interest, and increasingly wide range of applicated.Keyword:GPS,Locating，RTK，Lay out，Survey1. Background The 50s, the former U.S.S.R has not launched humanities first artificial earth satellite, the American scientists in along its track research in, had discovered the Doppler shift phenomenon, a
4、nd has facilitated Doppler satellite navigation posi- tioning system completing using this principle, has obtained the enormous success in the military and the civi aspect, was in a navigation localization history leap, our country once has also introduced many Doppler receiver, applied to the islan
5、d association measured, the Earth explored and so on the applied to the island association measured, the Earth explored and so on the domain. But because Doppler satellite orbit highly low, signal-carrier frequency low, the track precision enhances with difficulty, causes the pointing accuracy lowly
6、, satisfies the geodetic survey or the project survey request, is more impossible to use in the astronomy Earth dynamics research. In order to enhance the satellite positioning the precision,US started from 1973 to prepare for construction global positioning system GPS (Global Positioning System).Af
7、ter has entered the plan proof, the system test stage,started in 1989 to launch the official work satellite,and completely completed in 1994, investment use. The GPS system spaceartially is composed by twenty one satellites, evenly distributes in six orbit, the ground level is 20,000 Kilometers, the
8、 inclination of orbit is 55, the flat heart rate approximately is 0, the week contract is 12 hours, the satellite to the earth launching two wave bands intelligence signals,the intelligence signal frequency respectively is 1575.442 mega cycles per second (the L2 wave band), on the satellite has inst
9、alled the precision very high atomic clock, guarantees the frequency the stability, modulates in the carrier has the expression satellite position the broadcast star experience, use in the range finder C/A code and P yard, as well ad other system information, can in the global scope, to willfully mu
10、lti-user provide the high accuracy, all-weather, is continual, real-time three dimensional measures fast, the three dimensional localization and the time service. The GPS system control section by is located in the American foundations of the states 5 monitoring stations to be composed, these stand
11、did not ask breaks Carries on the observation to GPS satellite, and will calculate and the forecast information by the infusion stands renews to the satellite information. The GPS system user is extremely covert, it is one kind of one-way system,the user only receives but does not need the transmitt
12、ing message, and therefore user s quantity also is not limited. Although GPS is the unification starts is, but very quantity also is not limited. Although GPS recei ver and processing software emerge in abundance. At present the receiver which appears in the Chinese market mainly has ROGUE,ASHTECH,
13、TRIMBLE, LEICA, SOKKIA, TOPCON and so on. Can carry on the observation to two frequencies the receiver to be called the double frequency receiver, only can carryon the observation to a frequency the receiver to become the inference. Says regarding the mapping user, GPS has caused the revolutionary c
14、hange in the mapping domain, at present, in the scope several thousand kilometers controls network, in the precision from hundred to the millimeter level localization, generally all GPS took the first choice method, is day by day mature along wi th the RTK technology, GPS started to decimeter and ev
15、en a centimeter level layout, domain seepage and so on high accuracy dynamic localization. The international GPS geodetic survey served IGS with Earth dynamics from 1992, has established many data storage and the processing center in the whole world, year to year observed a station with hundred, our
16、 country has also set up Shanghai Yu Shan, Wuhan, Xian, Taiwan and so on many year to year measuring platforms station, these stations observation data passed on every day through the internet net to US S data storage center, IGS also nearly real-time synthesizes various data processing center the r
17、esult, and the participant international earth rotation served the IERS global coordinates reference system maintenance and the earth rotation parameter issue. The user also may free on-line obtain product and so on observation data and precise star experience from internet. The GPS system real-time
18、 navigation pointing is very high,US hasimplemented the so-called SA policy in 1992, namely reduces the broadcaststar to undergo the star posi tion precision, reduces the star clock to change thepositive number the precision, adds on the high frequency vibration to thesatellite datum frequency (to c
19、ause false distance measuring accuracy to reducewith phase ), latter has implemented the A-S policy, soon P yard change is Y yardnamely further limi ts to the precise false distance survey, but American military and special permission user not these polices influences, but US in order to obtain the
20、bigger commercial interest, these policy ends are cancelled. 2. GPS localization principal The GPS receiver may receive and use in the time service accurately to the nanosecond level time information; will use in to forecast the future for several months the satellite to locate the summary position
21、forecast star experience; Uses in calculates when the localization to need the satelli te coordinates the broadcast star experience, the precision is (each satellite is different several meter to several dozens meterschanges as necessary); As well as GPS system information, like satellite condition
22、and so on. The GPS receiver may obtain the satellite sign to the code to the receiver distance, because includes the receiver satellite clock the error and the atmosphere propagated error, therefore is called the false distance. The false distance obtains which to the OA code is called the UA code f
23、alse distance, the precision approximately is about 20 meters, obtains the false distance to P yard to be called P yard false distance, the precision approximately is about 2 meters. The GPS receiver to the satellite signal which receives, carries on the decoding or uses other technologies, will mod
24、ulate after the carrier the information removes, will be allowed to restore the carrier. Strict says, the carrier phase should be called the carrier beat frequency phase, it is receives produces the Doppler shift influence satellite signal carrier phase and receiver this machine vibration difference
25、 of the signal phase. Generally experience Yuan time which determined in the receiver clock surveyed, maintains to the satellite signal track under, may record the phase change value, but starts time the observation receiver and the satellite oscillator phase change value is does not know, namely mi
26、sty degree of whole week, only can calculate in the data processing as the parameter solution. Phase observation value precision high to millimeter, but the premise is solves misty degree of whole week, therefore only has when the relative localization, and has a section continuously observes the va
27、lue can use the phase observation value, but must achieve meters down to themillimeter level also only to be able to use the phase observation value. According to the locate mode, the GPS localization divides into the simple point localization and the relative localization (difference localization).
28、 The simple point localization is according to a receiver observation data determined the receiver position the way, it only can use the false distance view survey, may use in Chef Chuan and so on the summary navigation localization. The relative localization (difference localization) is according t
29、o two above receivers observation data determined between the observation point the relative position method, it already may use the false distance view survey also to be possible to use the phase view survey, the geodetic surveyor the project survey should use the phase observation value to carryon
30、 the relative localization. Has contained the satellite and receiver ZhongChai, the atmospheric dissemination in the GPS view survey retards, error and so on multipart effect, when localization error the influence, when carries on the relative localization the majority of public errors are counterba
31、lanced or weaken, therefore the pointing accuracy greatly will enhance, the double frequency receiver will be allowed to act according to two frequencies in the view survey counterbalance atmosphere the ionosphere-path error main part, will request high in the precision, between the receiver the dis
32、tance wi11 be farther when (atmosphere will have obvious difference), will be supposed to select the double frequency receiver. When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface movement, then is called the dynamic localization, like uses in summary navigation localiza
33、tion the and so on Chef Chuan precision is 30-100 meter false distance simple point localization, either uses in the city vehicles navigation localization rice level precision false distance difference localization(RTK), the real-time difference localization needs the data chain real-time transmits
34、two or many stations observation data calculates together. When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface static, then is called the static localization, when carries on controls the net observes, generally selects this method by several receivers also to observe, i
35、t can maximum limit display GPS the pointing accuracy,special-purpose Yu Zheizhong the goal receiver is called the earth receiver,is in the receiver a performance best kind. At present, GPS already could achieve the earths crust performance observation the precision request, IGS year to year the mea
36、suring platform already can constitute millimeter level the global coordinates frame. 3. RTK technologies The conventional GPS measuring technique, like the static state, the fast static state , the dynamic survey alleed afterwards to carryon the solution to calculate can obtain a centimeter level t
37、he precision, but RTK is can real-time obtain the centimeter level pointing accuracy in the open country the measuring technique, it has used the carrier phase dynamic real-time difference (Real-timekinematics) the method, is the GPS application significant milestone, its appearance for the project
38、layout, the terrain mapping, each kind of control survey has brought the new dawn, enormously enhanced the field operation work efficiency. The high accuracy GPS survey must use the carrier phase observation value,the RTK localization technology, it can real-time provide in assigns in the coordinate
39、 system the three dimensional localization result, and achieves the centimeter level precision. Under the RTK work pattern, the datum stands through the data chain transmi ts together its observation value and the survey station coordinates information for the mobile station. Mobile stands not only
40、receives the data through the data link which stands from the datum, but also must gather the GPS observation data, and composes the difference observation value in the system to carryon the real-time processing, simultaneously produces the centimeter level localization result, a lasted. The mobile
41、station may be at the static condition, also may be at the state of motion; May first carryon the initialization after the fixed point to enter the dynamic work again, also may under the dynamic condition directly opening machine,and completes the week fuzziness search solution under the dynamic env
42、ironment. After end knows the number solution to be fixed, then carries on each calendar Yuan real-time processing, so long as can maintain four above satellites phases observation value the track and the essential geometric figure ,then the mobile station may produce the centimeter level localizati
43、on result as necessary.The RTK technology key lies in the data processing technology and the data transmission technology, when the RTK localization requests the datum station receiver real-time the observation data (false distance observation value, phase observation value) and the know data transm
44、ission for the mobile station receive, the data quantity quite big, generally all requests 9,600 bauds rate, this in on radio is not difficult to realize.4. The application of RTK(1) Each kind of control surveyThe traditional geodetic survey, the project control survey uses the triangular net, the l
45、ine-network method executes measured, not only requires a lot of work time-consuming, request Indivisibility, moreover the precision distribution non-uniformity, also at the field operation did not know how the precision, does use conventional the GPS static state survey, the fast static state, the
46、false dynamic method, survey in the process at field operation not to be able real-time to know the pointing accuracy, after if surveys completes, after returns to house processing to discover the precision does no t gather the request, but also must return measured, but uses RTK to carryon the cont
47、rol survey, can real-time know the pointing accuracy, if the fruits and cakes position precision request has satisfied, the user was allowed to stop observing, how moreover knew the observation quality, This may greatly enhance the work efficiency. If uses in the road control survey RTK,electronic c
48、ircuit control survey, the hydraulic engineering control survey, the geodetic survey, then not only may greatly reducethe manpower intensi ty, the economical expense, moreover greatly enhances the working efficiency,measured a control point may complete in several minutes even several seconds.(2) Te
49、rrain mappingIn the past measured when topographic diagram generally first must in measure area establishment chart root control point, then on chart root control point top carriage entire station meter or altazimuth coordination small flat panel mapping, now develops the field operation with the entire station meter and the electronic hand coordination thing code, uses big scale mapping software to carryon the mapping, even develops recent fi