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1、摘 要摘 要管理学的理论建设和理论贡献在于一方面为管理活动或管理组织运作的实践提出方法、规范和建议，另一方面揭示管理的终极目标和确立管理行为崇高的价值取向，从而拓宽管理实践的眼界，优化管理实践的合目的性和合理性。本毕业论文从人类社会组织管理这一基本社会事实和现象入手，运用系统哲学的自然观和叙事分析的方法，通过对管理的主客体性、人性假设、管理与社会政治经济文化子系统的关系进行较为深刻的论述，从一般或普遍意义上阐述管理的内涵与实质，以达尔文进化论研究范式作指导对人类社会组织中的管理和生物体内的酶作类比研究，从而说明管理的作用机制。本文旨在为解决人类社会组织中的一般性或普遍性的管理问题提供新的思路，
2、为管理学的理论建设提供新的质材。在第二章中，首先以人类两种自然观的形成为切入点，说明机械的、静止的、孤立的自然观的局限性以及运动发展的、有机联系的自然观对人类正确认识客观世界的重要性；然后概述了实证主义还原论和系统方法论产生的渊源，大致勾勒了两种方法论对近代自然科学发展的影响，并试图说明两种自然观与两种方法论之间的内在联系，同时指出了还原论对认识和解决复杂的人类社会系统中的问题不能得心应手的原因，对系统科学方法论为今后科学的发展作了一般性展望；又以较大篇幅简要回顾了管理科学发展史，并从中抽提出一些应被重视但没有受到人们所重视的管理思想，进而根据朱镕基所指出的管理思想现代化的重要性，围绕着管理思
3、想的问题检讨了我国管理界存在的三个方面的不足；最后，用大系统哲学思想中的大管理为主题给出本论文将探讨的“管理”的涵义。第三章采用历史学的方法，对这种“大管理”的内涵展开了进一步的解读。在这一章中，对“管理”一词的古今中外的语义和词性、管理行为产生的原因和条件、管理学的学科性质进行了分析探讨。本论文中所要认识的管理的涵义既是一种抽象的概念，又是一种具体的活动；它既靠强制产生，又要给予人们自由；它既有科学的性质，又有艺术的成份；它是人类社会各子系统中无所不在发挥重要作用的基本要素。在第四章中，首先通过对人的主体性的产生以及个人与组织的矛盾性和同一性的探讨，说明人的主体性对管理的意义。又对管理者、管
4、理主体及其主体性进行了分析。最后，通过基于自然观的人的主客体性的消解、管理的主体间性、社会组织系统中人的“悖论性”存在和个人的集体无意识心理对管理活动的影响的阐述，对把人作为管理的客体进行了辩驳，论述了消解人与自然和人与人的主客体之间的矛盾冲突已成为人类社会组织管理的最大难题，也是管理的最终目标之一。任何管理行为和管理手段与方式的采用，都是以对人的本质即对人性的看法为基础的，人与管理有着极为密切的关系，研究组织中的管理问题，离不开对人的认识，人性的基本假定是人们进行管理的重要前提条件。同时，任何管理思想的提出，都离不开对于管理中的人性假设的认识。因此，在第五章中展开对人性问题讨论：一方面从人与
5、社会的关系和人的自然本性讨论人性是什么，另一方面从社会价值论角度讨论人性的性质，即人性的善恶问题。第六章采用埃德加莫兰提出的超学科的方法探讨管理与政治、经济、伦理的相互关系，通过重点分析政治、经济、文化三个社会子系统的特点说明三者具有不可通约的价值追求，因此，必须保证它们的相对独立性，保证它们真正履行自己的功能，这正是社会健康发展的关键。由于每一个子系统都不该僭越代替其他子系统的功能，人类社会不应该以一套固定不变的模式去对各个子系统的管理。本文认为人类社会应该逐步学会把不可通约的各个社会功能系统共时而且无中心地集中在共同的系统中来考虑，用管理作为中介来处理相互间的影响而不是试图取代别的子系统。
6、人类要考虑各子系统间的相互协调，既然它们之间相互独立又要相互协调，它们相互之间的联系则需要“管理”，在本质上，我们可以把管理看成这些原本不可通约的子系统的通约项。管理学虽然在“科学化”道路上有了长足的进步，其“数量化”程度已相当高，也注重将自己的理论建立在“实验”的基础上，然而，就其整体状况来看，仍基本上处于既不能解释现实、指导实践，又无法完备理论的困境之中。为了摆脱这种困境，本文认为，管理学的研究应该在范式上有所突破。第七章在论述达尔文进化论研究范式的基础上，探讨综合社会进化论研究成果对人类管理活动的启发，进一步将管理作为人类社会文化诸多因子中的一种，并与生物体中的酶作类比研究，试图说明管理
7、在人类社会组织的自然进化中的作用。最后对全文进行了总结，提出了本研究的重要结论及对未来研究的设想。本研究的创造性成果体现在：1) 从功能的意义上阐述了管理的内涵和实质；2) 从新的角度论述了人性和管理主客体问题，阐述了确立人性自由的人性假设和强调管理的主体间性对于缓和人与自然和人与人的主客体之间的矛盾冲突的意义；3) 通过生物机体与社会组织以及管理活动与酶促反应的类比研究，首次提出人类社会组织的管理如同生物体中的酶，管理活动类似于生物体中的酶促反应，这是一种有益的尝试，它为管理学研究提供了新的研究范式；4) 以系统哲学为指导，重新诠释了“修身齐家治国平天下”中的系统管理思想，并以强调组织外环境
8、对管理的影响给出大管理的基本理念：大管理 = （组织内环境 + 外环境）管理。关键词：管理活动;认识理论;系统思想;自然本性;研究范式183ABSTRACTAbstractThe theoretical construction and theoretical contributions of management rest with proposing methods, regulations, and suggestions for the management activities and organizational management practice, exploring the
9、 ultimate goals of management and establishing the lofty value orientation of management behaviors, thus, raising the horizon of management practice and optimizing the purpose and rationality of management practice. Beginning with the fundamental social fact and phenomenon of organizational manageme
10、nt of the human society, this dissertation utilizes the view of nature of systematic philosophy and the method of narrative analysis to give an in-depth discussion on the subject and object in management, the assumption of the human nature, and the relationships between management and subsystems suc
11、h as society, politics, economy and culture. The intension and essence of management is explained from a general or a universal sense, and the functional mechanism of management is accounted for by comparison between management in human social organisms and enzymes in organisms following the pattern
12、 of Darwinian research. The dissertation aims at offering a new way of thinking to solve the general or universal management problems in the human social organism and providing new materials for the theoretical construction of management study.In the Chapter 2, the formation of two different human v
13、iews of nature, one machinery, static and isolated, and the other dynamic, developmental, and connected, is taken as the breakthrough point. The dissertation then summarizes the origins of positivistic reductionism and systematic methodology, outlines their impacts on the development of natural scie
14、nce in modern times, and demonstrates the inner relationship between the two views of nature and the two methodologies. It also points out the reasons why reductionism cannot offer solutions to the problems in the complex human society and provides a general prospect for the scientific development i
15、n future utilizing the systematic methodology. After that, the development history of management science is reviewed concisely and some management thoughts are drawn out which deserve careful attention but have not yet received. According to the importance of modernization of management thoughts poi
16、nted out by Zhu Rongji, three deficiencies in the management field in our country are reviewed around the issues of management thoughts. Finally, “great management in great scientific times” is adopted as the theme to define “management” that is discussed in this dissertation. Chapter 3 provides fur
17、ther explanation to the intention of “great management” utilizing historical methods. In this chapter, the meanings and features of the word “management”, at all times and in all over the world, its causes and conditions of the emergence of management behavior and the disciplinary properties of mana
18、gement are analyzed and discussed. The meaning of management discussed in this dissertation is not so simple as the enterprise management, the social government management, or the social ethical management. It is a type of concrete activity as well as a kind of abstract concept; it comes into being
19、by force, while it gives people freedom; it has the properties of science, and also has some elements of art.In Chapter 4, first of all, we illustrate the significance of humans subjectivity in management by studying the origin and the development of humans subjectivity, contradiction, and identity
20、between individuals and organizations. Furthermore, we analyze the managers, the main body of management and the subjectivity of management. Finally, by illustrating the dissolving of the subjectivity and objectivity of man which is based on the nature viewpoint, the intersubjectivity of management,
21、 the existence of mans nature of fallacy in the social organization systems and the influence of the individuals unconsciousness of the collectivity on the activities of management, we argue against the idea of regarding man as the object of management and address that elimination of the conflicts b
22、etween the subject and object of human and nature and of human itself has become the most difficult problem of human social organization management, which is also one of the ultimate goals of management.Since any behavior, way and means of management is adopted on the basis of the attitudes towards
23、the essence of man, i.e. the nature of man. There is an intimate relationship between man and management. Studying the problem of management within organizations cannot be disassociated from the knowledge of man. The basic assumption of human nature is the important premise of human managing. Simult
24、aneously, the proposal of any theory about management cannot be disassociated from the knowledge of assumptions about human nature. Therefore, we discuss the problem of human nature in Chapter 5. On the one hand, based on the relationship between man the society, and the natural essentiality of man,
25、 we discuss what the human nature is. On the other hand, we discuss the nature of humanity, i.e. the goodness and evilness of man from the perspective of social value.Chapter 6 employs Edgar Morins transdisciplinary means to probe into the mutual relationship between management and politics, economy
26、, and ethic .In this chapter, we illustrate the incompatible value pursuit among three social subsystems in politics, economy and culture by the focus of their features. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee their mutual independence and their real implementation of functions, which is key to soci
27、etys healthy development. Since their value pursuits in essence are mutually irreconcilable, one subsystem cannot go beyond the others functions; therefore, each subsystem cannot be managed with only one set of mode. It is thought that human society should learn to consider each incompatible social
28、system synchronically. We should group them under a common system but without a center, and we should regard management as a medium to conduct mutual influence but not to substitute other subsystem. Human beings should take mutual harmony of each subsystem into consideration. This kind of independen
29、ce but mutual harmony relationship determines the management of their connection, that is, through management connecting each subsystem of politics, economy, culture and the like in social system, in order for the unification of its own value pursuit for the overall object of human development. Then
30、 in essence we can regard management as the commensurable item with these formerly incompatible subsystems.Although there is quite great progress on scientific process for management theory, the quantification degree is relatively high and its theory is established on the experimental basis, basical
31、ly its whole status still not only cannot be under interpretation and guidance, but also cannot perfect the theory. To get rid of this difficult position, we believe that the research of management should break through in pattern.Chapter 7 explores the enlightenment of the achievement of comprehensi
32、ve social evolutionism on human management activities based on the elucidation of the research pattern of Darwins evolutionism. Furthermore, management is considered as one of the elements in social culture to compare with enzyme in organism for its research on the explanation of the functions of ma
33、nagement in the natural evolution of human society.Finally, the thesis proposes the key conclusions and then it puts out the further research areas.The creative contributions of this research are as follows: first, the dissertation elaborates the meaning, the implication and functions of management
34、from the general point of view; second, the paper discusses the natural essence of Human being and the subjectivity and objectivity of management from a new point of view, meanwhile, it proposes the hypothesis that human nature should be free ;third, this paper creatively puts forward the management
35、 research directed by Darwins Evolutionism, and meanwhile, compares management in social organization with enzyme in organism for the research on the functions of management and its mechanism, which is a beneficial experiment for future research; the fourth is to build the basic idea about “great ma
36、nagement” under the direction of systemic philosophy. Key words: Management activity, Cognitive theory, Systemic idea, Natural Essence of Human being, Research Pattern.目 录学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意
37、识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日目 录摘 要IAbstractIV目 录iContentsI第1章绪 论11.1论文的背景及意义11.2文献综述21.2.1从科学管理到管理科学-管理学发展史21.2.2
38、系统是自然界物质存在的普遍形式-自然哲学的系统观31.2.3达尔文进化理论在关于人的研究中的应用111.3论文研究思路与结构161.4本研究的贡献与创新之处22第2章感悟大管理242.1两种世界观和两种方法论242.2从西方管理思想史看中国当代的“管理”问题302.2.1西方百年管理科学史312.2.2蕴藏在管理活动中的管理思想352.2.3我国管理学界存在的问题372.3从系统与环境的关系感悟大管理422.3.1系统与环境422.3.2“修身齐家治国平天下”与系统管理462.3.3治脚气与洗袜子的启示472.4本章小结48第3章解读“管理”493.1管理的语义及其内涵503.1.1古今中外话
39、管理513.1.2管理的名词性及现代内涵543.2管理的产生、演变及发展趋势573.2.1管理产生的条件和原因573.2.2管理的演变603.2.3当代管理学研究重点及发展趋势633.3管理的科学性与艺术性663.3.1科学与艺术的关系663.3.2管理学科学与艺术的殊途同归693.4本章小结71第4章管理的主体性及客体论辩734.1人的主体性及其对管理的意义734.1.1人类主体性的产生与发展744.1.2基于人类主体性的个人与组织的矛盾和同一764.2管理者、管理主体及其主体性804.3“人人都是被管理者”？864.3.1基于自然观的人的主客体性的消解874.3.2管理的主体间性884.3
40、.3社会组织系统中人的“悖论性”存在904.3.4个人的集体无意识心理及其对管理活动的影响944.4本章小结96第5章基于管理理论的人性假设985.1人性的内涵及其假设的标准985.1.1马克思主义创始人对人性的看法985.1.2人性假设的标准1005.1.3现实中错误的人性假设及其后果1025.2人性假设的混乱局面1035.2.1“政治人”的基本假设1045.2.2“经济人”的基本假设1055.2.3“社会人“的基本假设1075.2.4复杂的“社会人”的基本假设1095.2.5“文化人”的基本假设1125.3人性自由的确认1135.3.1人性自由来源于人类的自然本性1135.3.2从自然的自
41、组织性到人性自由1155.3.3人类社会实践活动体现的人性自由1175.4人性善恶的辩析1195.5管理是保持组织秩序与个人自由之间适当张力的调节剂1215.6本章小结122第6章管理的超学科研究1246.1管理与政治的关系政治的管理作用与管理的政治职能1246.1.1政治本身就是一种管理活动1256.1.2政治活动不等于管理活动1276.1.3政治与社会管理1286.1.4社会生活中的政治表现1296.2伦理对管理活动的作用1316.2.1伦理有助于管理功能的发挥1326.2.2伦理有助于管理制度的形成1336.2.3伦理的管理作用的特点1356.2.4伦理使管理从强制压迫到自觉服从1386
42、.3管理学与经济学1406.4管理在社会政治经济文化子系统中的地位和作用1426.4.1政治系统的非人格化1426.4.2经济系统的人格化1436.4.3文化子系统的二元化结构1456.4.4管理是社会政治经济文化子系统的通约项1466.5本章小结148第7章达尔文进化论范式对管理学研究的意义1507.1研究人的新范式1527.1.1进化论的纲领：“自然选择”1527.1.2达尔文进化论的科学研究范式1547.2达尔文进化论对思想领域的启示1577.2.1人的动物性与社会性在生物学上的统一1587.2.2人的利他与利己行为在伦理道德上的统一1597.2.3人的竞争与合作在利益博弈上的统一161
43、7.3管理活动与酶促作用的类比研究1647.3.1酶是什么1647.3.2生物体与人类社会组织的类比1747.3.3管理与酶的相似性1807.4现代生物学与社会科学的融合必将推动管理学的发展1817.5本章小结183结 论184一、本文结论184二、今后研究的设想188参考文献189攻读博士学位期间发表的论文及科研成绩199后 记201CONTENTSContentsChinese Abstract-IEnglish Abstract-IVChinese Contents-iEnglish Contents-IChapter 1 Introduction-11.1 Bachground and
44、 Significance of the Research11.2 Literature Reviews.21.3 Research Routes and Framework.161.4 The Main Contributions and Innovations of the Dissertation.22Chapter 2 The Realization of Broader Management-24 2.1 Two Kinds of World Views and Two Kinds of Methodologies- 24 2.2 A Glimpse of the Contempor
45、ary Management Problems in China from History of Western Management Ideas -302.2.1 Hundreds History of Western Management Science -312.2.2 Management Ideas within Management Activities -352.2.3 Problems in the Field of Chinese Management -37 2.3 The Realization of Broad Management from the Relationship between System and Environment-42 2.3.1 System and Environment-422.3.2 “Self