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1、附录ARemote Monitoring System of Pumping Unit Based on Wireless Sensor NetworksMeijuanGao, Jin Xu, and Jingwen TianDepartment of Automatic Control, Beijing Union University School of Information Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, ChinaI. INTRODUCTIONAs wireless communication t
2、echnology continues to improve, it is an important development direction to implement the remote monitoring system of pumping unit using wireless networks. Now in this field the application is mainly GPRS wireless network, but the network base station is costly, with coverage blind spot, and oil exp
3、loitation is usually in the areas where the communication signals cant cover, the paper introduces a remote monitoring system of pumping unit based on ZigBee 1-2. ZigBee is a new wireless networking technology, it is a technical proposal between Bluetooth technology and the wireless marker, with low
4、 power, low cost and short time-delay characteristics. ZigBee is the set of specs built around the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless protocol, using ZigBee, devices in a network can communicate at speeds of up to 250 Kbps while physically separated by distances of up to 50 meters in typical circumstances and g
5、reater distances in an ideal environment. Based on ZigBee network communication technology and microprocessor technology, the system can deal with the various operating parameters of the remote transmission, real-time data collection and real-time load monitoring. The significance is: By monitoring
6、the functioning of the pumping unit, when failure or abnormal operation take place, it can give an alarm quickly, reduce downtime and ensure oil pumps operate safely, provide a reliable guarantee for oilfield. II. SYSTEM DESIGNThe main design thinking of the system is: Monitoring the three-phase pow
7、er, temperature, rotational speed and flow of pumping unit by sensors. When abnormal operation take place, it can cut off the power of the oil pump and give an alarm, at the same time the monitored data can be transmitted through the ZigBee network. The worker can understand the oil pump work state
8、at control centre, and implement the monitoring of pumping unit informatization and automation, the purpose is to protect normal pumping units, reduce downtime, improve efficiency and achieve economic efficiency. A. Network Design of System The system is made up of data collection monitoring module,
9、 wireless module and control centres. Its structure is shown in Fig.1.In the blind area of the mobile communication system, as the distribution of oil wells are non-uniform, we can set up a relay node in several neighboring collection points. The data collected by each nodes can be sent to relay nod
10、es firstly, then each relay node send the data to the network coordination, at the same time, when the works abnormally of oil pump is detected by collection node, the power of oil pump can be cut off timely. The information is transmitted to the control centre PC by network coordinator, workers can
11、 know the working condition of oil pump in time through PC. When we need long-distance transmission in the area where the communication signals cant cover, there will be a number of ZigBee wireless nodes to transfer data in relay ways, and then connect to communication network when there are communi
12、cation signals. This will not only solve the problem of blind spots in mobile communications networks, but also achieve a long-distance transmission, and save cost.BMesh NetworksMesh networks are regularly distributed networks that generally allow transmission only to a nodes nearest neighbors. The
13、nodes in these networks are generally identical, so that mesh nets are also referred to as peer-to-peer (see below) nets. Mesh nets can be good models for large-scale networks of wireless sensors that are distributed over a geographic region, e.g. personnel or vehicle security surveillance systems.
14、Note that the regular structure reflects the communications topology; the actual geographic distribution of the nodes need not be a regular mesh. Since there are generally multiple routing paths between nodes, these nets are robust to failure of individual nodes or links. An advantage of mesh nets i
15、s that, although all nodes may be identical and have the same computing and transmission capabilities, certain nodes can be designated as group leaders that take on additional functions. If a group leader is disabled, another node can then take over these duties. All nodes of the star topology are c
16、onnected to a single hub node. The hub requires greater message handling, routing, and decision-making capabilities than the other nodes. If a communication link is cut, it only affects one node. However, if the hub is incapacitated the network is destroyed. In the ring topology all nodes perform th
17、e same function and there is no leader node. Messages generally travel around the ring in a single direction. However, if the ring is cut, all communication is lost. The self-healing ring network (SHR) shown has two rings and is more fault to lerant. In the bus topology, messages are broadcast on th
18、e bus to all nodes. Each node checks the destination address in the message header, and processes the messages addressed to it. The bus topology is passive in that each node simply listens for messages and is not responsible for retransmitting any messages.C. Design of Data Collection Monitoring Mod
19、ule Data collection monitoring module is made up of wireless SCM, three-phase power parameter detection circuit, photoelectric encoder, temperature sensor, flow sensor and relay. It detects the parameters of pumping unit timed or when it receives the order from control centre, then send the test res
20、ult to the control centre. At the same time, the SCM monitors the result, cuts off the pumping units power automatically through controlling the relay in pumping unit power circuit when it finds the result overrun danger alarming threshold. Data collection monitoring module circuit is shown in Fig.2
21、. Wireless SCM is ZigBee chip CC2430 3. The chip can content the need of high performance and low power in 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 band based ZigBee, ROHS compliant 7x7mm QLP48 package, it includes 2.4GHz RF transceiver and an industry-standard enhanced 8051 MCU, 32/64/128 KB flash memory, 8 KB RAM an
22、d many other powerful features, ADC, several timers, 21 general I/O pins and so on.In order to get pumping units three-phase power parameter, include each phase valid value of voltage and current, active power and reactive power, power factor and frequency. We choice the new single phase bi-directio
23、nal Power/Energy measurement chip CS5460A with serial interface, it includes a power calculation engine and a bidirectional serial interface. Using M/T method, the rotational speed can be detected by photoelectric encoder in the system. By intercalating bit and byte of a group of SFR registers in CC
24、2430, make P1.5 and P1.6 as counter and timers pin, photoelectric encoders pulse signal add to P1.6s input end, then calculate rotational speed. We use LUGB catena vortex transducer to measure flow, the transducers output is 4-20mA current analogue signal, the signal can be connected to SCMs A/D pin
25、. We use the AD590 temperature sensor to measure temperature, the sensors measuring temperature confine is -55+150, voltage is +4.0V+30V. The relay is solid relay SSR10A300A. D. Control Centre The control centre includes network coordination and PC. The network coordination primarily takes charge to
26、 distribute network address to new rode, and notarize the physical address, transmit test data. The network coordination can connect with PC by RS232, and send the information to PC. The information includes pumping unit node number, parameter type and test result. The PC computer monitors the whole
27、 network working state, gives an alarm when it finds the result overrun danger alarming threshold, the alarm includes pumping unit number and failure reason, such as “the pumping unit 1 is overcurrent fault”. E. Wireless Transmit Module The system uses the ZigBee to transmit information 4. There are
28、 all function fixture CC2430 in monitoring terminal, and CC2420 in middle circuitry. The networks CSMA/CA protocol is similar to ethernets CSMA/CD. When one of the sites will to send a message, it first monitor the channel leisure time, if the time is longer than a frame interval, it send the messag
29、e, otherwise not. CSMA/CA communication mode makes the partition of time domain connect with frame format, ensure only one site is transmit message sometime. III. SOFTWARE DESIGNA. The Frame Structure of System Network Protocol IEEE 802.15.4 ordains the frame structure of ZigBee protocol is made up
30、of data model, destination address, data length, data information and checkout，the format is shown in Fig.3. “Destination address” is the location where the frame will be sent, namely network node number. The “data massage” presents the order or effectual data that will be sent, its byte is decided
31、by data length. The “data massage” is designed in this system, the “data massage” is divided into “node message”, “function coding” and “data” three parts. it is shown in Fig.4.“Node message” length is a byte, lower four bits are data collection node numbers, higher four bits are network coordinatio
32、n numbers. “Function coding” is divided into two parts: direction bit and function type. The system function includes upstream and downstream, it is decided by direction bit. Function type can distinguish the date type. the format is shown in Fig.5.B. Software Flow The software flow mainly includes
33、network coordination and data collection point. They are shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7. As to network coordination, the CC2430 is initialized firstly, then the protocol stack is initialized and the interrupt is opened. After that program begins formatted the network, if the network is formatted successfu
34、lly, and network coordination connect to computer by serial port, we can find the physical address of network coordination, network ID and channel number by software. Then network coordination is in monitoring state, if a node will add to the network, it will distribute a network number. If data col
35、lection node sends some data, it will judge that where the data come from, it is which parameter, and send the message to control centre.As to data collection node, the program also initialize CC2430 firstly, then open the power of sensor and initialize protocol stack, begins send signal to add to n
36、etwork, wait for network coordinations answer, distribute network address. After it adds to network successfully, if it is connected to computer by serial port, we also can find its physical address, network ID and physical address of network coordination. After the data collection node is added to
37、network, it is in monitoring state, monitoring whether there are detection orders come from network coordination, if it is, perform the task. If the results overrun danger alarming threshold, low level from CC2430 will change to high level, relay permanent open contacts are off, and cut off the powe
38、r of pumping unit in time. IV. CONCLUSIONUsing ZigBee wireless network technology to achieve oilfield remote monitoring, the management informatization and automation of pumping unit are implemented. It can greatly improve efficiency and reduce network formation and operation costs. This program can
39、 solve the problem that data collection code is in the blind spots, and in the place where GPRS network can cover, if the transmission distance is longer, network coordination can connect to GPRS, so we neednt build communication bases extra, it can make routine maintenance convenient, and cost savi
40、ngs. 附录B基于无线传感器网络的抽油机远程参数检测系统高美娟，徐锦，田景文北京联合大学自动控制专业中国北京化工大学信息科学学院1绪论随着无线通信技术的不断完善，研究基于无线传感器网络的磕头机的远程监控系统是一个重要的发展方向。现在在这一领域主要应用的是GPRS无线网络，但建立网络基站是昂贵的，并且石油开采所在的地区通常是的通信信号不能覆盖的盲点，本文介绍了一种基于ZigBee的抽油机远程参数监测系统1- 2。ZigBee是一种新兴的无线传感器网络技术，具有低功耗，低成本，和时间延迟短的优点。ZigBee是一套建立在IEEE 802.15.4规范的无线协议，使用ZigBee设备可以在网络通信
41、的速度高达250 Kbps的同时传输50米的距离，在理想的环境中可以传的更远。基于ZigBee网络通信技术和微处理技术，本系统能够处理各种类型的运行参数的远程传输，实时数据采集和实时负荷监测。研究该系统的意义是：通过监测抽油机的运行状态，当出现故障或异常操作时，它可以迅速发出警报，减少停机时间，并确保抽油机安全运行，为油田提供了安全保证。2系统设计本系统主要的设计思想是：通过无线传感器监测抽油机的电源，温度，转速和流量。当发生非正常运作时，它可以切断抽油机的电源并发出警报，同时监测的数据可以通过ZigBee网络传送。控制中心的工作者可以知道抽油机的工作状态，实现了抽油机监测系统的信息化和自动化
42、，其目的是为了保证抽油机的正常工作，减少停机时间，提高效率，提高经济效率。A系统的组网该系统由数据采集监控模块，无线收发模块和控制模块组成。系统的网络组成如图1所示。在移动通信系统的盲区，油井的分配是不统一的，我们可以在几个相邻的采集节点设立一个中继节点。每个采集节点所收集的数据可以先发送到中继节点，然后每个中继节点发送数据到网络协调器，在同一时间，当抽油机异常工作时，其电力系统可以及时的切断。这些信息传将通过网络协调器传递给控制中心PC机，工作者可以随时通过PC机知道磕头机的工作状态。当我们需要在通信信号不能覆盖的领域长距离传输时，使用一些ZigBee无线节点以多跳方式把数据传输到有通信信号
43、的地方。这不仅将解决在移动通信网络中的盲点问题，而且还实现路数据的长距离传输，并节省了成本。B Mesh网络Mesh网络是一种通常只允许临近节点传送数据的有规律的分布网络。在这网络中的节点通常是对等的，所以Mesh也被认为是对等网络。Mesh网络是一个很好的大规模的分布在一个地理区域的无线传感器网络。例如：人员或车辆的安全监控系统。请注意，这种有规律的结构反映了通信的拓扑结构;实际节点的地理分布不需要是一个规则的网络。尽管通常在节点间有多条路由，这个网络很可能因为单个节点或循环而失败。这种Mesh网络的优点是，尽管网络中的所有节点都是对等的，并且具有相同的计算和传输能力，但被设计为“领导者”的
44、中心节点需要承担其他的功能。如果一个“领导者”丧失作用，其他的节点可以承担这个职责。星型拓扑结构的所有节点连接到一个中心节点。该中心节点比其他节点有更强的信息处理，路由和决策能力。如果一个通讯联系被切断，只会影响一个节点。但是，如果网络的中心节点是丧失功能的话，整个网络系统被毁坏了。在环形拓扑结构中，所有的节点执行相同的功能，也没有中心节点。信息通常按照一个方向循环。邮件一般游览环在一个单一的方向。但是，如果循环被切断，所有的通信都将丢失。自我修复系统具有两个循环和更多的纠错能力。在总线拓扑结构中，信息通过总线传播给所有节点。每个节点会检查邮件标题中的目标地址，并把信息传送给它。总线拓扑结构是
45、被动的，每个节点只接收信息，但不负责转发任何信息。C数据采集检测模块的设计数据采集监测模块由控制器，三相电路参数检测电路，光电编码器，温度传感器，流量传感器和继电器。它及时的检测磕头机的参数，当它收到控制中心的命令时，将测试结果传送给控制中心。与此同时，当控制器发现测试结果超出报警值时，它自动切断磕头机的电源电路。数据采集节点电路图如图2所示。无线收发模块使用的是CC24303。该芯片可以满足基于ZigBee的频段是2.4GHz的IEEE802.15.4的高性能和低功耗的要求。，它包含一个2.4GHz的 RF收发器和一个工业标准的增强型8051微控制器，32/64/128kB的闪存，8 kB的
46、RAM以及其它功能引脚，模拟数字转换器，几个定时器，21个一般I/O引脚等。对电流的有效值，有功功率和无功功率，功率因数和频率，我们选择了一种新的单相双向功率/电能计量芯片CS5460A的转换电路，它包括一个功率计算引擎和一个双向串行接口。使用M/T法，可以通过系统中的光电译码器检测轮子的转速。通过控制CC2430中的SFR寄存器，使P1.5和P1.6作为计数器和定时器的引脚，光电编码器的脉冲信号添加到P1.6的输入端，然后计算转速。我们使用LUGB系列涡街传感器测量流量，传感器输出4- 20mA电流模拟信号，信号可连接到单片机的A/D转换引脚。 我们使用AD590温度传感器来测量温度，该传感
47、器的测温范围是- 55o+150，电压为4.0 V-30V，固体继电器SSR10A-300A 。D控制中心控制中心包括网络协调器和PC 。网络协调器主要负责把网络地址分配给新的节点和确定其物理地址，传输测试数据。网络协调器可以通过RS-232串口连接电脑并将信息发送到个人电脑。这些资料包括磕头机节点编号，参数类型和测试结果。在PC计算机监控整个网络的工作状态，如果发现系统出现错误，就会给出了一个报警，报警包含抽油机的编号和错误的原因，如“抽油机1过电流故障”。E无线传输模块系统使用ZigBee传输信息4。CC2430固定在检测系统中。该网络的CSMA/CA协议类似以太网的CSMA/CD中。当一
48、个节点发送信息时，它首先监测频道是否空闲，如果时间超帧，它就发送信息，否则不能。CSMA/CA的通信模式使得分区的时域连接帧格式，确保只能有一个节点在同一时刻传递信息。3 软件设计A系统网络的帧结构IEEE 802.15.4的ZigBee协议帧的框架结构的是由数据类型，目标地址，数据长度，数据信息和校验组成。 “目标地址”将确定帧要发送的位置，即网络节点编号。在“数据信息”提出的命令或有效数据将被发送，数据长度决定其字节。在系统的数据信息中，“数据信息”分为“节点信息” ，“功能编码”和“数据”三个部分。 “节点信息”是一个字节的长度，低4位是数据采集节点的数字，高4位是网络协调的号码。 “功
49、能编码”分为两部分：方向字和函数类型。该系统功能包括前后2部分，这是由方向字决定的。函数类型可以区分数据种类。B 软件流程图软件流程图主要包括网络协调节点和数据采集节点。至于网络协调节点， CC2430首先初始化，然后协议栈初始化和开中断。之后，程序开始初始化网络协调器，如果成功，我们将得到网络协调器的物理地址，网络地址和信道号。然后网络协调器在监测状态，如果将一个节点将被添加到网络，它将分配网络号码。如果采集节点发送数据，它会判断数据来自何方，这是哪一个参数，然后发送信息至控制中心。 对于数据采集节点，系统首先也对CC2430进行初始化，然后节点退出节能模式和初始化协议栈，开始发送信号添加到网络，等待网络协调器的应答，分发网络地址。如果添加到网络成功，如果它通过串行端口连接到电脑，我们还可以找到它的物理地址，网络ID和网络协调器的物理地址。在采集节点被添加到网络后，它在监测状态，监测是否有