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1、 本科毕业论文 中美文化视野中对个人主义的 认同差异学生姓名： 学生学号： 200310206097 院（系）： 外 国 语 学 院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科1班 指导教师： 二七年五月The Different Recognitions Towards Individualism Between Chinese and American CultureLiu SiminUnder the Supervision ofLi LiqinSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007攀枝花学院本科毕业论
2、文 ContentsContentsAbstractKey Words摘要.关键词.Introduction1. Individualism in America.3A. The Origin of Individualism.3B. The Influence of Individualism on American Society.3C. Americans Attitude Towards Individualism.5. Individualism in China.6A. The Appearance of Individualism in China.6B. The Influen
3、ce of Individualism on China .7C. Chineses Attitude Towards Individualism8. Right Recognition of Individualism and Its Advanced Aspect.10A. The Characteristics of Individualism10B. Correct Acknowledgements of the Individualism.12C. Positive Aspects of Individualism.14Conclusion.16Acknowledgement.17B
4、ibliography.18攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 AbstractAbstractThe paper represents a different recognition between Chinese and American people towards individualism. American people regard individualism as “individuality”, while Chinese people think individualism is equivalent to “selfishness”. Different culture backgr
5、ounds between China and America result in the different recognitions toward individualism. As a social product and a phenomenon of the culture, right or wrong should not be branded with individualism and as a Marxist, an objective and dialectical method should be used to judge individualism. Only wh
6、en Chinese people acknowledge individualism in a right, can they remove their misunderstanding towards individualism and the wrong exercise of it. Then after they realize individualism in a right way, they could take advantage of it in the construction of Chinese society and the development of thems
7、elves. Key WordsIndividualism; cultural phenomenon; the positive aspect; social product攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 摘要摘要论文阐释了个人主义在中美两国人民的认识中存在的差异，美国人认为个人主义是一种“个性”，而中国人则认为它代表的就是“自私”。产生这种差异的根本原因就在于中美两国拥有不同的文化背景。作为一个社会发展的产物和一种文化现象，个人主义不应该用对或是错来衡量，而作为马克思主义者，就更加应该客观、公正的看待从不同文化当中衍生出来的东西。中国人要正确认识个人主义必须从美国文化当中理解个人主义。只有真正认识、
8、理解了个人主义，才能从根本上消除中国人对个人主义产生的误读以及对个人主义错误的运用。在此之后，也就可以将个人主义中积极合理的一面应用到中国社会的发展中，并以此来完善和发展自己。关键词个人主义；文化现象；积极因素；社会产物；攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 IntroductionIntroductionThis paper discusses the different recognitions towards individualism between Chinese and American people based on the different cultural background. Ame
9、rican people think that individualism stands for personality; it is also an alternative, which shows a person who has self-reliance and self-struggle. It emphasizes on the independence, value, status, and personal right. All of them are sacred and inviolable. America is a multi-culture country, afte
10、r Columbus discovered this land, people from different places of the world flowed to the new land. Americans have been called rootless nationality, for most people live in America are from other places. During the reign of James I, the Presbyterian majority unsuccessfully attempted to impose their i
11、deas on the established English church at the Hampton Court Conference. The result was mutual disaffection and a persecution of the Puritans, particularly by Archbishop William Laud, that brought about Puritan migration to Europe and America. They hoped to look for freedom and a new world. So when t
12、he Europeans on the May Flower stepped on this land, which had no national sentiment that should formed during a long time, the personal interests have been considered much important than anything else. It is a rule to protect ones own interests in a strange place. However, in China, which has a lon
13、g history of more than 5,000 years, the cultural origins could date back to the primitive society, when Shanding cave people lived and worked together the interests of the collective were sure to be much higher than personal interests were. Therefore, under the influence of the collective the person
14、al interests, which could be considered as individualism, are much looked down upon. The vice influence of individualism is certainly exists, but its positive and reasonable side make America develop to be a powerful country in only 200 years. Though collective interest is above everything, extremel
15、y denying the individualism is also not an objective and just way. In China, the positive side of individualism could still play a favorable role. Recently as so many people ignored the good aspect of individualism, right recognitions should be emphasized again. Individualism is a phenomenon with gr
16、eat cultural characteristics, and it cannot be justified only with right or wrong. It should be justified objectively and justly. Only after right recognitions have been accepted, China could gain a brand-new way to develop it and Chinese people could also build up their confidence and promote the r
17、eliance of their self-worth.18 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body. Individualism in AmericaA. The Origin of IndividualismAs to the origin of individualism, different scholars have different recognitions. The concept of individual of Americans rooted in the philosophy in 17th century represented by British philosopher
18、 Lock. Lock claimed that the basic unit of the nature is individual, and he presumed that all the individuals fought for their own interests. Individualism firstly appeared in the French Revolution, which created by Saint-Simon camp to express situation of the people in the 19th century, that is roo
19、tless, idealess and faithless, and their merciless competition and exploitation. Nevertheless, the much suitable recognition is Renaissance and reformation. Since Renaissance, the attitude towards liberalism has begun to form. The main construction for the liberalism given by Renaissance is humanism
20、 and the individualism. When the writer, the artist and the thinker talk about human, they refer to the individual more and more. If Renaissance is the beginning of individualism, the reformation prompts the further development of individualism. In western world, religious play an important role of
21、the individualisms formation. God create human and give the soul to everyone that means He also gives people the meaning of existence and the basic right. Early Reformation affirmed the conscience and judgment of individual, and widened the way for the development of individualism. In addition, the
22、prosecution to the puritans caused them to seek for freedom, independence and democracy in the new land, America. Therefore, immigrants of Europe brought their new thinking, which formed after the Reformation to America, and in this new land, this kind of new thinking began to develop to democracy a
23、nd individualism. Quite different from the European countries, Feudalism never deeply rooted in America, so during the long history of social practice in America, individualism acquired a definition different from selfish. Future more, the appearance of individualism has nothing to do with somebody
24、or something but with the development of capitalism country, and the rule of Bourgeois morality; the reflection of private ownership of the means of production in people awareness and a kind of cultural phenomenon.B. The Influence of Individualism on American Society During the prosperous developmen
25、t of capitalism, individualism played a very important role in fighting against Feudal asceticism, Autocracy and religious rule. Therefore, in America, individualism developed to a quite active direction, and showed a positive influence. In the process of transplant form Europe to America, individua
26、lism also completes the transformation from negative to positive; from young to mature and from theory to practice. Individualisms success in America shows that the acceptance of individualism in America has something to do with the freedom, the equality and the chance of a society.As we all known,
27、America is a country which quite advocates the law and the system, and American people have a great belief to them. The United States Constitution and the Law provide that the power of the government is from the people and belongs to the people; the power of government is not absolute but restricted
28、 by the law. The Declaration of Independence plays a very important role in American history; it emphasizes, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pu
29、rsuit of Happiness.” Therefore, after the law admitted the individual right, the Americans found the basis to realize their self-worth.There are mainly tow kinds of influences of individualism towards America.First, the slogan of individualism “freedom and equality” really becomes the Great Spirit t
30、hat inspire, educate and mobilize all the people. Individualism helps America a lot both in the early development and in the Independent War. American people conquer the nature, and develop their national border with the strength of individualism, and they create a great number of wealth for their m
31、otherland. The Declaration of Independence also encourages the northern American peoples revolutionary morale. Because of individualism, people have a more active thinking so that they could keep on creating. American society is in changing and developing, for the American people keep on seeking for
32、 new things. That is really prompt the development of their society. In addition, individualism help American parents educate their children. America always advocates Individualized Education, and it emphasizes on independence and the ability of self-analysis and problem solving. Therefore, in Ameri
33、ca, the relationship between parents and children, teachers and children are not the elders to the juniors but friends. After grown-up of the children, they should move out and live without their parents, and they should support their life by themselves, for they have a concept that when one becomes
34、 an adult, he should be responsible for himself and support himself with his own ability. That is the independence brought by individualism. Individualism also brings many problems such as the gap between rich and poor become wider and the over liberalization. Though America advocates equality, they
35、 only talk about everyone has an equal start which polarization become quite serious. Over liberalization causes many social problems like drug and violence, for people treat individualism as the justified reason for them to allow themselves to degenerate. Overall, nothing could be the alternative f
36、or individualism, and it is the core of the American culture.C. American Attitude Towards IndividualismAccording to the meaning of etymology, individualism means individual is a social unit and only individual cannot be divided. Individualism holds opinion that individual is both the basic and the h
37、ighest unit posing the society, and nothing could above the individual. In Democracy in America, Tocqueville says that individualism is different from the selfish; it is an emotion with a characteristic of mature and calm. Individualism makes American people more independent and thinks their fate sh
38、ould be decided by their own. Therefore, individualism in America refers to self-independence, self-struggle, and maintains ones own personality. Everyone is equal and no one could gain his interests based on damaging others, and individualism advocates that one should acquire what he wants by his o
39、wn efforts. Francis Fukuyama has ever affirmed the American individualism; he said that American people treat individualism not as a shortcoming but a perfect moral. It stands for creativity, innovative, a spirit of proactive and a proud of never yield to the authority. To some extent, American peop
40、le are proud of individualism and they agree with individualism. They believe in the dignity and the sanctity of the individual. Any action that interfere the individual is not moral but also blaspheming the God. So it can be said that the highest ideal of America and the most valuable world attitud
41、e is individualism. For the Americans, to give up individualism means to abandon their profound identity. Under the computational economic system, American enterprises always take advantage of layoffs to keep the company to tide over the difficulties. Some think it is the performance of individualis
42、m, but on the other hand, they sacrificed the interests of individual in order to keep their collective i.e. their company, in a good condition, so that more staffs could keep their interests. From that point of view, in America, individualism combines with collectivism. No matter what kind of criti
43、cism the others give to individualism, American people still hold their faith, and worship their unique culture of individualism. Individualism in ChinaA. The Appearance of Individualism in ChinaIndividualism in China is quite different from it in America. If individualism in America emphasizes on t
44、he specific individual behavior, it emphasizes on spiritual individual in China. In traditional Chinese culture, individualism has never existed. However, it does not mean individualism cannot be analyzed by Chinese culture, and there are no cultural origins of individualism in Chinese culture. In e
45、arly Confucianism, “gentlemen seek harmony but not uniformity” has already had something to do with individualism. This kind of thinking especially emphasizes on freeing oneself from mental which really influences the rising of pastoral poetry in ancient times. It advocates giving up the fame and se
46、eking for liberation of spirit and happiness of life. When individualism is introduced into China, different scholars hold different opinions on it. One side is individualism should be criticized, for it is a decadent idea that origin from capitalism. China advocate collectivism, so it is hard for Chinese people to accept a new idea that quite different from their faith. Hushi represe