高考英语语法精品教案:专题九动词的时态和语态.pdf

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1、1 / 32 动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定 语境下对时态和语态的理解,其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去 完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外,为了增加试题的区分度,命 题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。 在解题时要注意以下几个问题: 1这个动作可能发生在什么时间?题干中可参照的时间信息有哪 些? 2这个动作处于什么状态?是进行中,还是已结束(完成?限制 或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些? 3这个动作与主语的关系,是主动还是被动? 只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题,试题的答案也就水落石出 了。 一、 动词时态的基本结构和用法 类别意义例句 2 / 32

2、现 在 时 态 一 般 现 在 时 1.主要表示现在的特征、状态、 经常性动作或客观事实等。2.用 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句 中,表示将来。3.少数表示动作 起止的动词有时也可用一般现在 时代替一般将来时,表示一个按 规定 、 计划或 安排 要 发生的 动 作。 I play ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. If it rains tomorrow, will you still go ?The plane for Canada leaves at 9 :15. 类别意义例句 现

3、 在 时 态 现 在 进 行 时 1.表示说话时或现阶段正在进行 的动作。 2.与副词always,continually , constantly ,never等连用时表 示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。 3.go , come , leave , start, stay等少数表示来、去、开始、 离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时 可以表示一个按规定、计划或安 排好的将要进行的动作。 My brother is reading an interesting novel these days. You are always forgetting the important things. Were mov

4、ing to the new building next week. 类别意义例句 3 / 32 现 在 时 态 现 在 完 成 时 1.现在完成时的两种意义:表 示动作发生于过去,对现在有一 定的影响或结果。表示动作或 状态过去已经开始,持续到现在 而且可能继续下去。 2.短暂性动词在肯定句中不可与 表示时间段的for, since等连 用。 3.可用在表时间、条件、让步的 状语从句中,表示将来某时以前 已完成的动作。 4.在 It is the first/ second time that 句型中, that从句的 谓语动词用现在完成时。 They have cleaned the cl

5、assroom. ( 即 : The room is clean now. He has lived in this country for 40 years. Once you have made a promise, you shouldnt break it. It is the first time that I have been here. 类别意义例句 现 在 时 态 现 在 完 成 进 行 时 1.表示从过去某一时刻开始的动 作一直延续到现在,现在可能刚 刚结束,也可能仍要继续。 2.表示瞬间意义的动词不能用于 现在完成进行时。 Ive been sitting here al

6、l day. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but 4 / 32 she hasnt decided yet. 类别意义例句 过 去 时 态 一 般 过 去 时 1.主要表示过去某时发生的情况 或 动 作 ( 包 括 过 去 习 惯 性 的 动 作。2. 所表达的事件与现在无 关。 3.即使是刚刚发生的事情也 要用过去时。 If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained

7、all day. Sorry. I didnt know you were here. 类别意义例句 过 去 时 态 过 去 进 行 时 1.表示过去某一时间正进行的动 作 。通常有时间状语 (从句,或 有上下文提示。 2.与副词 always, continually, constantly, never 等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感 情色彩。 3.go,come ,leave , start, stay等 少 数 表 示 来 、 去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动 词的 进 行时可 以表 示 一个按 规 定、计划或安排好的过去某个时 As she was reading the newspape

8、r, Granny fell asleep.My grandfather was always forgetting things. Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 5 / 32 间将要进行的动作。 类别意义例句 过 去 时 态 过 去 完 成 时 1.表示某一动作或存在的状态发生 在过去某一时间或动作之前,即 “ 过 去 的 过去 ” 。可 以用by , before等介词短语或一个时间状 语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示 过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上 下文来表示。 2.表示由过去的某一 时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时 间的动作或

9、状态,常和for, since 构 成 的 时 间 状 语 连 用 。 3. 动 词 think , want , hope , mean , plan,intend 等用过去完成时来表 示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打 算或意图等。4.用在 hardly when,no sooner than ,It was the first (second, etc. time (that 等固 定句型中。 By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. I had been at the bus stop fo

10、r 20 minutes when a bus finally came. They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 6 / 32 类别意义例句 过 去 时 态 过 去 将 来 时 1.常用 于 宾 语 从句 或 间 接引 语 中。2.was/were about to do when 正要做某事这时 He said he would come and help me if necessary.

11、I was just about to explain when he interrupted me. 类别意义例句 将 来 时 态 will (shall do 其特殊用法: 1单纯的将来。 2说话时临时的打算。 I will be 17 next month. Sorry, I forgot to post your letter. It doesnt matter. I will go and post it myself. 类别意义例句 将 来 时 态 be going to do 1. 按照计划打算做(即说话 时早已有的打算 。 2 根 据 客 观 迹 象 预 示 着 。 Ann i

12、s in hospital. Yes, I know. Im going to visit her tomorrow. Look at the clouds. It is going 7 / 32 to rain. 类别意义例句 将 来 时 态 be to do 1. 表示按计划要发生的事或 表示命令、职责、义务、要 求等。 2可以用于条件句,表示 “ 想,想要做 。” 3be to do 结构有时还可 以表示 “ 注定了 ”。 The president is to visit the school next week. You are to do your homework before

13、you watch TV. ( 相 当 于 should, ought to If you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on. They were never to meet again. 类别意义例句 将 来 时 态 be about to 表 示 即 将发 生 的 动 作, 意 为:很快,马上。后面一般 不跟时间状语。常与when 连用, 构成句型 “be about We are about to leave. 8 / 32 do to do when” (正要做 这 时 二、几种易混时态的辨

14、析 1一般现在时与现在进行时 一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。而现 在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如: 1bRqSpJ8AC On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 1bRqSpJ8AC 如: 2010重庆卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century , and little of the original building _

15、now.1bRqSpJ8AC Aremains Bis remained Cis remaining Dhas been remained 【解读】A考查动词用法及时态。remain作不及物动词 用,表示 “ 剩下,仍有 ” ,只能用于主动语态,不可直接跟宾语。结 合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。 1bRqSpJ8AC 2一般过去时和现在完成时 9 / 32 一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对 现在的影响和结果。如: I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing

16、now. 1bRqSpJ8AC I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next. 1bRqSpJ8AC 2010北京卷 Im sorry ,but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20? 1bRqSpJ8AC Sorry ,I _myself clear. We wan

17、t to return on October 20. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ahadnt made Bwouldnt make Cdont make Dhavent made 【解读】 D本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为:抱歉, 我还没有把我的意思表达明白,强调对现在造成的影响,用现在完 成时态。1bRqSpJ8AC 3一般过去时和过去进行时 一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进 行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进 行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。 1bRqSpJ8AC 10 / 32 如: I read a book last month. (书已经

18、在过去某个时间点读完 I was reading a book last month. (书未读完 Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas done Cwas doing Dhad done 【解读】 C此题容易误选 A。根据 I have no idea这一关键 信息可知,说话者对是否完成并不知道,因此用进行时,表示今天 上午在做。 1bRqSpJ8AC 4一般过去时和过去完成时 判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“ 过去” 的时间 点或动作,然后判断在这个

19、时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动 作,并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。 1bRqSpJ8AC The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground. 1bRqSpJ8AC 5完成时和完成进行时的用法比较 现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去 某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作 持续到现在或过去某一时间,但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调 动作的结果,完成进行时强调动作的延续。 1bRqSpJ8AC 如: 11 / 32 (1 Why does the river smel

20、l terrible? Because the water_. Ahave polluted Bis being polluted Chas been polluted Dhave been polluted 【解读】C考查完成时和完成进行时的用法和主谓一致。根 据问句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响,时态 用现在完成时,动词与主语是被动关系,用被动语态。主语是the water ,谓语动词用单数,选C。1bRqSpJ8AC (2 He _ articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 40 articles. 1bR

21、qSpJ8AC Ahas written;has written Bhas been writing;writes Cis writing ;has been writing Dhas been writing;has written 【解读】D考查完成时和完成进行时的用法。由句意知“ 这 些年 他一 直 在 写” , 用has been writing ; “ 已 写完 了 ” 用 has written 。1bRqSpJ8AC 三、被动语态 动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词 的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所 12 / 32 表示的动作的执行者时,谓

22、语动词用主动语态;当句子的主语是谓 语动词所表示的动作的承受者时,谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语 态中,句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式;被动 语态由 “ 助动词 be 过去分词 ” 构成,不同的时态通过 be 的不同形 式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成 方法相同。1bRqSpJ8AC 常用被动 语态 构成(以 ask 为例 常用被动 语态 构成 1 一般现在 时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行 时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去 时 was/were asked 7 现在完成 时 have/has been aske

23、d 3 一般将来 时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成 时 had been asked 4 过去将来 时 would be asked 9 将来完成 时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行 时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态 动词的被 动语态 can/must/may be asked 注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not ,短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介词或副 词。如: Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was m

24、ade fun of by his classmates. 13 / 32 “ get 过去分词 ” 可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化。 如:She got married last week. He fell off the car and got killed. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结 构表示。如:It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed tha

25、tIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that 注 意 事 项 不 用 被 动 语 态 的 情 况 不及物动词及短语没有被动语态,如:happen, take place, last, break out, come about, come out等。 如: The book came out last year. The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any agreement. 系 动 词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, a

26、ppear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等 都 没 有 被 动 语 态 。 如 : The food tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan proved (to be practical. It has gone bad. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词不需用被动语态。如 read, write, act, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, shut, dry, start 。这类动词一般不单独使用,常 用一个

27、修饰语。如:The book sells well. 这本书很 14 / 32 畅销。My pen wont write. 我的笔写不出字来。 This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。The door wont lock. 这门锁不上。The engine wont start. 引擎发动不起来。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。 1Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. 1bRqSpJ8AC Apainted Bhad painted Chav

28、e been painting Dhave been painted 【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与 D 的区别,而误选D。 【正】C表示我一整天都在刷房子,应该用现在完成进行 时。 2Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _! (promise 1bRqSpJ8AC 【误】 But she has promised. 【正】 But she promised. 【解读】 Nancy “ 答应要来 ” 这个动作应该发生在过去,是过去 作出的承诺,前文已告诉我们“ 她不来了 ” ,因此诺言已跟现在没有 15 / 32 关系,只是过去的一个动作。1bRqSpJ8A

29、C 3托尼给我打电话时,我刚完成工作,要开始洗澡。 【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 1bRqSpJ8AC 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 1bRqSpJ8AC 【解读】 从关键信息 I had just finished my work可以看出 是“ 正要开始洗澡 ” 应该是进行时, was starting 可以表示马上就

30、要 进行的动作;而 started表示“ 开始了” 。1bRqSpJ8AC 4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ajust help out Bhave just helped out Cam just helping out Dwill just help out 【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响,而误选A。 【正】表示我现在只是在临时帮忙,是现在正在进行的动 作,选 C。 【解读】一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态,而 现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。 5很多的鸟类正被

31、人们捕杀。 【误】 Many birds are killed now. 16 / 32 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解读】现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整,不能遗漏其中 的助动词,导致时态错误。 12010上海卷 The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ahas restored Bhas been restored Cis restoring Dis being restored 【解读】D本题考查

32、被动语态。 restore意为“ 修复” ,而最 后一句表明工程还未完成,因此为正在修复中,选D。1bRqSpJ8AC 22009北 京 卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. 1bRqSpJ8AC Atook Bhad taken Cwere taking Dwould take 【答案】 B 32009辽宁卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to he

33、r now? 1bRqSpJ8AC Aphones Bhas phoned Chas been phoning D phoned 【解读】 C考查现在完成进行时。由all day 可以看出一直 17 / 32 在打电话,此时仍然在打,过去发生的动作持续到现在并仍在进 行,选 C。1bRqSpJ8AC 42009天津卷 My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. 1bRqSpJ8AC Alive B lived C were living D will live 【解读】

34、A考查时态。后句意思为:他们出生在香港,从来 没有在别的地方住过。由此可知前句“ 一直在香港住 ” ,时态用一般 现在时,说明事实,选A。1bRqSpJ8AC 52009江苏卷 Ann is in hospital. Oh, really? I _know. I _go and visit her. 1bRqSpJ8AC Adidnt; am going to Bdont; would Cdont; will Ddidnt; will 【解读】D由答语中的 “ Oh, really ?” 可以看出, “ 我” 是刚 刚知道的,所以用I didnt know 表示现在之前不知道。 A 项中的 a

35、m going to 表示“ 说话时早有的打算 ” ,而 D 项中的 will 则表示“ 说 话时临时的打算 ” 。1bRqSpJ8AC 6 2009上 海 卷 During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _not to touch any unattended bag.1bRqSpJ8AC 18 / 32 Ahad always been warned Bwere always being warned Care always warning Dalways warned 【解读】B根据时间状语可知是指过去,be alwa

36、ys doing sth. 表示 “ 一种感情色彩 ” ,并且人们与警告之间是被动的关系,选 B。1bRqSpJ8AC 7He_ football regularly for many years when he was young. 1bRqSpJ8AC Awas playing B played Chas played Dhad played 【解读】 B考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对动词时 态的掌握情况。由题干中的“ for many years ” 很多同学推断出应为 现在完成时,但 “ when he was young ” 这个时间状语表明他打球是过 去时,未持续到现在。由“

37、 regularly ”可知他过去经常打球,是一种 过去的习惯性的动作,选B。1bRqSpJ8AC 82010全国卷 Linda,make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive. 1bRqSpJ8AC Abe set Bset Care set Dare setting 【解读】C考查动词时态语态。 make sure 意为“ 确信,确 保” ,set tables意为“ 摆放桌子 ” ,结合语境应用被动形式。 1bRqSpJ8AC 19 / 32 92010全国卷 Excuse me. I_ I was blocking your way. 1

38、bRqSpJ8AC Adidnt realize Bdont realize Chavent realized Dwasnt realizing 【解读】 A考查动词时态。这里应用一般过去时表示说话之 前“ 没有意识到 ” 。 10My friend went to Canada three years ago. He_ there for a few months and then went to America. 1bRqSpJ8AC Awas living Bhas lived Cwas lived Dlived 【解读】 D句意为:我的朋友三年前去了加拿大,他在那里 住了几个月,然后去

39、了美国。由句意可知,住在加拿大这个情况发 生在过去,且已经结束,故用一般过去时。 1bRqSpJ8AC 112010四川卷 When shall we restart our business? Not until we _ our plan. Awill finish Bare finishing Care to finish Dhave finished 【解读】 D考查动词时态。状语从句用现在时代替将来时, 这里表示计划完成后,所以用现在完成时。 12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya? 1bRqSpJ8AC 20 / 32 Wh

40、o _it? Awrites B has written Cwrote D had written 【解读】C本题考查时态。题干中的答句问“ 谁写的这本 书?” 说明此书肯定是过去写的,所以用动词的过去式。 1bRqSpJ8AC 13 They_ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ahad got B got C have got D get 【解读】 B本题考查时态。句意为:他们得到了两张去加拿 大的免费票,否则他们将永远也去不起。此题叙述事

41、实,又发生在 过去,选 B。1bRqSpJ8AC 14The singer together with her band _invited to the concert. Did you enjoy that party? 1bRqSpJ8AC No, no sooner _than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby. 1bRqSpJ8AC Awas; I had left Bwere; I have gone Cwas; had I left Dwere; did I leave 【解读】C主谓一致、时态及倒装的综合考查。主语(the singer后面跟有

42、 together with引起的短语,谓语动词与前面的主 语一致,所以要用was;否定词 no sooner 和 than 连用,且位于句 首时,用部分倒装结构,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生,相当于 汉语的 “ 一 就”。1bRqSpJ8AC 152010四川卷 Youve failed to do what you _ to 21 / 32 and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. 1bRqSpJ8AC Awill expect Bwill be expected Cexpected Dwere expected 【解读】D考查动词时态。由语境 “

43、 老师将批评你 ” ,知道你 没有完成应该做的,所以用过去时,expect sb. to do sth. 意为“ 期 待某人做某事 ” ,此处要用被动形式。1bRqSpJ8AC 162010安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film? 1bRqSpJ8AC No. I _ the book,so I already knew the story. 1bRqSpJ8AC Awas reading Bhad read Cam reading Dhave read 【解读】B考查时态。句意为:“ 你对电影结果感到吃惊 吗?”“不,我已经读过这本书

44、,所以我已知道了这个故事。”“读书” 是在“ 看电影 ” 之前,故用过去完成时。1bRqSpJ8AC 17 2010全 国 卷 Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? 1bRqSpJ8AC No,I _ my homework all day yesterday. Awas doing Bwould do Chad done Ddo 22 / 32 【解读】A考查动词时态。 all day yesterday是信息词, 暗示用过去进行时。 182010辽宁卷 I _ all the cooking for my family, but recently Ive

45、 been too busy to do it. 1bRqSpJ8AC Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done 【解读】 B考查动词时态。第一句表示通常、一般性的一种 状况,所以用一般现在时态。句意为:我为一家人做饭,但是最近 我太忙不能做了。 1bRqSpJ8AC 192010全国卷 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. 1bRqSpJ8AC Ais made Bwould make Cwas to be made Dhad made 【解读】C考查

46、动词时态和语态。make a fortune表“ 发 财” ,此处是被动语态, was to be made 表示过去将来时,相当于 would be made 。1bRqSpJ8AC 20 2010福建卷 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. 1bRqSpJ8AC Apromised Bwere promised Chave promised Dhave been promised 【解读】 D考查动词时

47、态。句意为:因为在离开家乡前被许 23 / 32 诺的能挣钱的工作,每年大量的农民工涌入深圳。由句中arrive的 时态 可知此 处 的时 态是 现在 时,又 根 据before leaving their hometowns可知在离开家乡前的承诺,强调结果,所以该空应为现 在完成时。 1bRqSpJ8AC 212010福建卷 Guess what ,weve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer. 1bRqSpJ8AC How nice !You _ a different culture then. Awill be experiencing Bhave experienced Chave been experiencing Dwill have experienced 【解读】 A考查动词时态。由第一句可知:我们已经得到了 暑假去英国旅行的短期签证,再由第二句中then 可知:这是对去英 国旅行的美好祝愿,动作尚未发生。因此时态应为将来进行时。 1bRqSpJ8AC 22 2010安徽卷 Weve spen

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