1、InternationalStandardISO21043-1Secondedition2025-06ForensicsciencesPart1:VocabularyCriminalistiquePartie1:VocabulaireReferencenumberISO21043-l:2025(en)COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENTISO2025Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,orrequiredinthecontextofitsimplementation,nopartofthispublicationmayberep
2、roducedorutilizedotherwiseinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,orpostingontheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISO,smemberbodyinthecountryoftherequester.ISOcopyrightofficeCP401Ch.deBlandonnet8CH-12
3、14Vernier,GenevaPhone:+4122749Ol11Email:copyrightiso.orgWebsite:www.iso.orgPublishedinSwitzerlandContentsPageForewordivIntroductionv1 Scope12 Normativereferences13 Termsanddefinitions1AnnexA(informative)Forensicprocess9Bibliography10ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworld
4、widefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,gover
5、nmentalandnon-governmentabinliaisonwithIS0,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.TheproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO/IECDirectives,Par
6、t1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.ThisdocumentwasdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seewww.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiontothepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayinvolvetheuseof（八）pat
7、ent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocument.However,implementersarecautionedthatthismaynotrepresentthelatestinforma
8、tion,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatwww.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotconstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntarynatureofstandards,them
9、eaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTo)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT),seeWWW.isoQrgisoforeword.htmLThisdocumentwaspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC272,Forensicsciences,incollaborationwith
10、theEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)TechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC419,Forensicscienceprocesses,inaccordancewiththeAgreementontechnicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).AlistofallpartsintheISO21043seriescanbefoundontheISOwebsite.Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheuse
11、rsnationalstandardsbody.AcompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatWWW.isoQrgmembnrs.htmLIntroductionThisdocumentstandardizestheuseandmeaningoftermsassociatedwiththeforensicsciences.Thetermsdefinedinthisdocumentaredrawnfromstandardtermsusedintheforensicscienceprocesses,ascontainedintheISO21043series.D
12、iscipline-specificstandardsincludetheirownspecifictermsanddefinitions.Thisdocumentispartofaseriesoffivethatincludesthedifferentcomponentsoftheforensicprocessfromscenetocourtroom(asillustratedinFigureA.l).OtherpartsoftheISO21043seriesare: ISO21043-2; ISO21043-3; ISO21043-4; ISO21043-5.Thisdocumentiso
13、rganizedalphabeticallyandfollowsnatural(English)wordorderwhereverpossible.ForensicsciencesPart1:Vocabulary1ScopeThisdocumentdefinestermsusedforthedifferentcomponentsoftheforensicprocessfromscenetocourtroom(asillustratedinFigureA.l).2 NormativereferencesTherearenonormativereferencesinthisdocument.3 T
14、ermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:一ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obp一IECElectropedia:availableathttps:WWW.electropedia.org/3.1administrativer
15、eviewevaluationofrecords3.49toverifyconsistencywiththeforensicserviceproviders(3.26)administrativepoliciesandwitheditorialcorrectness3.2analysispartoftheexaminationf3.18)consistingofdetecting,measuringorcomparingthepropertiesofitems(3.33),inordertoobtainobservations(3.36)Note1toentry:Analysiscanbeei
16、therinstrumental,humanperception-based,oracombinationofthetwo.3.3analyticalstrategychoiceofmethod(三)3.35)andthesequenceofanalysis(3.2)Note1toentry:Ananalyticalstrategyisbasedinpartonrelevantcasequestionsandbackgroundinformation.3.4areaofexpertisedisciplineinwhichanexaminer(3.20)iscompetent3.5casefil
17、eforensicserviceproviders3.26records3.49detailingtheforensicprocess3.25includingreports13.55)relatedtoacase3.6categoricalopinionopinion(3.37)that,intheexaminer/s(3.20)judgement,oneproposition(3.43)orexplanation(3.21)istrueanditwouldbeimpossibletoobtaintheobservations(3.36)ifanyofthealternativepropos
18、itionsorexplanationsconsideredweretrueEXAMPLE 1 Intheexaminersjudgement,theshoedidnotmakethequestionedshoemark.EXAMPLE 2 Intheexaminersjudgement,thecartridgecaseisofSmithandWessonbrand.3.7chainofcustodychronologicalrecord(3.49)ofthetransfer,handlingandstorageofanitem(3.33)fromitspointofcollectiontoi
19、tsfinalreturnordisposalNote1toentry:Chainofcustodyissometimesreferredtoascontinuity.3.8classificationassigninganitem(3.33)tooneofanumberofdistinctpredefinedgroupsbasedonsharedpropertiesNote1toentry:Ifclassesaredefineddirectlybyobservationsf3.36)thatdonotrequireinterpretation(3.30),classificationcanb
20、eperformedindependentoftheexaminer(3.20).3.9cognitivebiasunconsciousdeviationfromrationalityinhumanjudgementcausedbyinfluenceson,andlimitationsof,humaninformationprocessing3.10consumablesingleuseorlimitedusematerialwhichisusedintheforensicprocess(3.25)3.11contaminationintroduction,atanypointinthefor
21、ensicprocess(3.25),ofunwantedsubstances,unwanteddataorunwantedinformationthatcanimpactobservations(3.36)oropinions(3.37)Note1toentry:Contaminationincludesundesirabletransferofasubstancewithinanitem(3.33)orbetweenitems.3.12controlsamplematerialwithknownproperties,analyzedinordertoassessthereliability
22、ofobservations(3.36)3.13customerauthority,organizationorpersonrequestingtheforensic(3.24)services3.14documentinformationandthemediumonwhichitisstoredEXAMPLESpecification,proceduref3.41),policy,method(3.35),instruction,form,drawing,record(3.49),report(3.55),standard,flowchart.Note1toentry:Themediumca
23、nbepaper,magnetic,electronicoropticalcomputerdisc,photograph,orcombinationthereof.Note2toentry:Asetofdocuments,forexamplespecificationsandrecords,isfrequentlycalled“documentation.SOURCE:ISO9000:2015,385,modified一whichitiscontainedhasbeenchangedtowhichitisstoredinthedefinition,theEXAMPLEhasbeenreplac
24、edandNote3toentryhasbeenremoved.3.15documentcontrolsystemusedtoensuretraceabilityandtoestablish,identify,approve,issue,maintain,distribute,use,amend,revise,store,protect,secure,retrieve,retainanddisposeofdocuments(3.14)3.16enhancementprocesstoreveal,intensify,magnifyorclarifyapropertyofanitem(3.33)3
25、17evaluativeinterpretationZnterpretatzon(3.30)guidedbyasetofrelevantproposztzons(3.43)andaimedatgeneratingzcezoocrcztzos(3.34)Note1toentry:Evaluativeinterpretationcanbeusedinajudicialsettingorinaninvestigation.3.18examinationpartoftheforensicprocess(3.25)consistingoftherecovery(3.51)andanalysis(3.2
26、)ofitems(3.33),andtheinterpretation(3.30)ofobservations(3.36)obtainedfromtheanalysisofitemsNote1toentry:SeeAmleXAforaflowchartoftheforensicprocess.3.19examinationstrategychoiceofmethod(三)andsequenceofmethods(3.35)fortheexamination(3.18)Note1toentry:Anexaminationstrategyisbasedinpartonrelevantcaseque
27、stionsandbackgroundinformation.Note2toentry:Anexaminationstrategycanbeappliedtotheexamination(3.18)ofascene(3.58),theexaminationofitems(3.33)orsequentialmulti-disciplineexaminationofitems.3.20examinerindividualwhoconductsanypartoftheforensic3.24examination(3.18)3.21explanationpossiblecauseforobserva
28、tions(3.36),generatedinaninvestigativeinterpretation(3.32)3.22facilityphysicalenvironmentusedtoprotecttheitem(3.33)integrity,toconducttestingortosupportanyotheraspectoftheforensicprocess(3.25)EXAMPLEBuilding,designatedarea,tent,(mobile)office,(mobile)laboratory,vehicle.3.23firstresponderfirstlawenfo
29、rcementpersonnelwhoarriveatascene(3.58)andwhoareresponsibleforimmediateaction3.24forensicrelatedtomethods(3.35),techniquesandprocessesusedforrecovery(3.51),analysis(3.2),interpretation(3.30)andreportingofobservations(3.36)andopinions(3.37),whichcanbeusedforlawenforcementinvestigationsorforlegalproce
30、edings3.25forensicprocesssetofinterrelatedorinteractingforensic(3.24)activitiesNote1toentry:Theforensicprocesscanincludeitem(3.33)handlingandcontrol,examination(3.18)andreporting.Note2toentry:SeeArmeXAforaflowchartoftheforensicprocess.3.26forensicserviceproviderorganizationthatperformsallorpartofthe
31、forensicprocess(3.25)Note1toentry:Aforensicserviceprovidercanbealargeorsmallorganization,includinganorganizationconsistingofasingleexaminer(3.20).3.27identificationassignmenttothemostspecificclassattainableEXAMPLEIdentifyingaredsubstanceashumanblood,awhitepowderascocaineorafibreascotton.Note1toentry
32、Thetermidentificationisoftenusedwhenreferringtotheclassification(3.8)ofasubstancebasedonitscomposition,structureorfunction.Note2toentry:Identificationisnotdefinedasansweringaquestionofsource(3.46).3.28impartialityobjectivity,neutralityandfairnessalongwiththereductionoftheriskofbiasNote1toentry:Itis
33、importantforimpartialitythatpossibleconflictsofinterestaredeclared,resolvedordonotexist.3.29interlaboratorycomparisonevaluationofpartoralloftheforensicprocess(3.25)whenappliedtothesameorsimilaritems(3.33)andconductedunderthesameorsimilarconditionsbytwoormoreforensicserviceproviders(3.26)Note1toentry
34、Aproficiencytest(3.42)isatypeofinterlaboratorycomparison.3.30interpretationpartoftheexamination(3.18)thatusesprofessionaljudgement,logic,expertise,andrelevantdataandinformationand,ifapplicable,statisticalmodelstoinferthemeaningofobservations(3.36)soastoprovideopinions(3.37)withrespecttoquestionsask
35、edNote1toentry:SeeArmeXAforaflowchartoftheforensicprocess.3.31intralaboratorycomparisonevaluationofpartoralloftheforensicprocess(3.25)whenappliedtothesameorsimilaritems(3.33)andconductedunderthesameorsimilarconditionsbytwoormoreexaminers(3.20)withinthesameforensicserviceprovider(3.26)3.32investigati
36、veinterpretationinterpretation(3.30)guidedbyobservations(3.36)madeandaimedatgeneratingexplanations(3.21)orestimationsNote1toentry:Investigativeinterpretationcanbeusedinaninvestigationorinajudicialsetting.3.33itemobject,substance,materialormarkthatiscollected,derivedorsampledaspartoftheforensicproces
37、s(3.25)3.34likelihoodratioexpressionofanexaminers(3.20)assessmentoftheratiooftheprobabilities(3.40)oftheobservations(3.36)ifoneoftwocompetingpropositions(3.43)weretrueversusiftheotherpropositionweretrueNote1toentry:Thelikelihoodratiogivestheprobativevalueoftheobservationsforthecompetingpropositions.
38、Note2toentry:Onlytheterm“likelihoodratioisusedintheISO21043series.ThisisnotintendedtoexcludethecalculationofBayesfactorsinsteadoflikelihoodratios.Note3toentry:Likelihoodratiosaredescribedintermsof“probability”.Ifthedataarecontinuouslyvalued,thenumeratoranddenominatorofthelikelihoodratiowillinvolvepr
39、obabilitydensityfunctionsratherthanprobabilities.3.35methodsystematicandstructuredapproachtoperformataskNote1toentry:Examplesoftasksincludeananalysis(3.2)oraninterpretation(3.30).3.36observationDEPRECATED:findingresultofanalysis(3.2)ofitems(3.33)orofthescene(3.58)Note1toentry:Anobservationcanbethere
40、sultofhumanperception-basedanalysis,instrumentalanalysis,oracombinationofthetwo.3.37opinionexaminers(3.20)judgementbasedontheinterpretation(3.30)ofobservations(3.36)3.38opinionscaleordinallyrankedpredefinedverbalexpressionsfordifferentdegreesofstrengthofopinion(3.37)Note1toentry:SeeISO21043-4:2025,A
41、nnexBforexamplesofopinionscale.3.39performancemonitoringintralaboratoycomparison(3.31)orinterlaboratorycomparison(3.29)oftestitems(3.33)inwhichtheexaminer(3.20)isaware(declared)orunaware(blind)thattheitemisatestwithknownresultsNote1toentry:Blindperformancemonitoringcantesttheentirelaboratoryprocess,
42、whilepreventingbiasofexaminersf3.20)knowingtheyarebeingtested.Note2toentry:Inblindtestsandcomparisons,theexaminers(3.20)conducttheexamination(3.18)undertheassumptiontheyareworkingonitems(3.33)forarealcase.Note3toentry:Proficiencytests(3.42)areatypeofinterlaboratorycomparisonandarecommonlyusedforperf
43、ormancemonitoring.3.40probabilityextenttowhichsomethingislikelyNote1toentry:Thetermprobabilityincludesqualitativeandquantitativeprobabilitiesassignedsubjectivelyandquantitativeprobabilitiesassignedthroughtheuseofstatisticalmodelsanddata.3.41procedurepre-definedsequenceofstepsoractionsthatarefollowed
44、toaccomplishaspecificgoalEXAMPLEAprocedureformethod(3.35)validation(3.64),aprocedureforevaluatingmeasurementuncertainty,aprocedurefortechnicalreview(3.62).3.42proficiencytestingevaluationofparticipantperformanceagainstpre-establishedcriteriabymeansofinterlaboratorycomparisons(3.29)Note1toentry:Profi
45、ciencytestsaresourcedfromanindependentsupplier.Note2toentry:Proficiencytestingisatypeofperformancemonitoring.SOURCE:ISO/IEC17043:2023,3.7,modified-Note1toentryhasbeenreplacedandNote2toentryhasbeenadded.3.43propositionhypothesisstatementthatiseithertrueorfalse,thetruthofwhichisuncertain3.44qualitydeg
46、reetowhichasetofinherentcharacteristicsfulfilsarequirementSOURCE:ISO9000:2015,3.6.2,modified一ofanobjecthasbeenremovedfromthedefinitionandNotes1and2toentryhavebeenremoved.3.45quantificationmeasurementofthenumberofztems(3.33)ortheamountofanitemortheamountofcomponentwithinanitem3.46questionofsourceques
47、tionofwhethertwoormoreitems(3.33)havethesameoriginorhavedifferentorigins,orwhoorwhattheoriginofanitemis3.47recognitionprocessofdecidingwhetheritems(3.33)havepotentialforensic(3.24)valueNote1toentry:Enhancement(3.16)canaidrecognition.3.48reconstructionexamination(3.18)toinferthepaststateofanitem(3.33),ortoinferapasteventorseriesofevents3.49recorddocument(3.14)providinginformationonactivitiesperformedaspartoftheforensicprocess(3.25)3.50recordcontrolSystemusedtoensuretraceabilityandtoidentify,store,protecretrieve,retainanddisposeofrecorcfs9(3.49)3.51recoveryrecognizing,recordinga
免费区 
