1、InternationalStandardISO4112Thirdedition2025-06CerealsandpulsesGuidanceonmeasurementofthetemperatureofgrainstoredinbulkCerealesetIegumineusesDirectivesgeneratespourIemesuragedelatemperaturedesgrainsentreposesenvracdanslesinstallationsdestockageReferencenumberISO4112:2025(en)COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMEN
2、TISO2025Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,orrequiredinthecontextofitsimplementation,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedotherwiseinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,orpostingontheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.Permissioncanbereq
3、uestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISO,smemberbodyinthecountryoftherequester.ISOcopyrightofficeCP401Ch.deBlandonnet8CH-1214Vernier,GenevaPhone:+41227490111Email:copyrightiso.orgWebsite:www.iso.orgPublishedinSwitzerlandPageContentsForewordIntroduction.2 Normativereferences13 Termsanddefinitions14
4、Principle15 Apparatusandsystem26 Procedure36.1 Positioningthemeasuringpoints36.1.1 Graintemperaturesensors36.1.2 Warehousetemperaturesensors36.1.3 Airtemperaturesensors36.2 Temperaturereadings46.2.1 Frequencyofreadings46.2.2 Particularrequirementsforventilatedwarehouses47 Temperaturerecords47.1 Gene
5、ral47.2 Calibration4Annex A (informative)Temperature-readingdevices5Annex B (informative)Layoutoftemperaturemeasuringpoints6ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallyca
6、rriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalE
7、lectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.TheproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO/IECDirectives,Part1.Inparticular,thedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocumentshouldbenoted.Thisdocumen
8、twasdraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seeWWW.iso.org/directives).ISOdrawsattentiontothepossibilitythattheimplementationofthisdocumentmayinvolvetheuseof（八）patent(三).ISOtakesnopositionconcerningtheevidence,validityorapplicabilityofanyclaimedpatentrightsinrespectthere
9、of.Asofthedateofpublicationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimplementthisdocument.However,implementersarecautionedthatthismaynotrepresentthelatestinformation,whichmaybeobtainedfromthepatentdatabaseavailableatWWW.iso.org/patents.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforid
10、entifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotconstituteanendorsement.Foranexplanationofthevoluntarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellasinformationaboutISOsadherencetot
11、heWorldTradeOrganization(WTo)principlesintheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT),seewww.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmLThisdocumentwaspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC34,Foodproducts,SubcommitteeSC4,Cerealsandpulses.Thisthirdeditioncancelsandreplacesthesecondedition(ISO4112:1990),whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.
12、Themainchangesareasfollows: thetermwarehouseanditsdefinitionhavebeenadded; theapparatusfortemperaturemeasurementhavebeenmodified; thetemperaturesensorsandthermometricsystemforstoredgrainhavebeenadded; thelayoutOftemperaturemeasurementpointshasbeenmodified; thewirelesscommunicationtechnologyandnetwor
13、kingtechnologyhavebeenadded;Anyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstandardsbody.Acompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundatwww.iso.org/members.html.IntroductionGrainstorageplaysacrucialroleinensuringfoodsecurity.Thephysiologicalprocesseswhichoccurwithinamassofstoredgrai
14、nareaccompaniedbytheemissionofheat,andtheexternalenvironmentalfactors(e.g.hotclimate,ventilation)canalsocausegraintemperaturechangesinbulkstorage.Asaresult,thetemperatureofthegraincanreachalevelatwhichseriouspermanentdeteriorationinthecommercial,technologicalandfoodpropertiesofthegrainwilltakeplace.
15、Itisthereforenecessarytodetectandmeasureanyoverheatingduringstorageandtotakeimmediateremedialmeasures,suchasventilationandcooling,sincelateremedialmeasureswill,inmostcases,havenoeffect.Inbulkstorage,suchdamageisoftenintheinitialstages,localizedandaffectsonlyasmallproportionofthegrainstored.However,s
16、uchdamage,althoughlocalizedintheinitialstages,canspreadtootherregionsofthestoredgrainifnotcheckedintime,easilyresultinginlarge-scalemildewcontaminationandpestinfestation.Theconsequencesofanyoverheating,evenifitislocalized,arealwaysserioussinceitispossiblethatabatchofthegrainwillhavetobemarketedatred
17、ucedpricesorcanevenbecomeunsaleablebecauseofthepresenceofdamagedgrain.Becauseoftheever-increasingdemandforgrainofgoodqualityandtheprolongedperiodsofbulkstorage,itisimportanttocheckthetemperatureofthegrainfrequently.Theuseofthermometricequipment,basedonalargenumberofmeasuringpoints,isanappropriatetec
18、hniquetomeetthisobjective.Ontheotherhand,manualtemperaturemeasurementisalsoaneffectivewaytomonitorthehealthstatusofbulkgraininhorizontalwarehouses,evenforlong-termstorage.Thermometricequipmentisalsonecessarytoenablecorrectcoolingbyventilationtobecarriedout.Suchcooling,usingsuccessivestepsof5to7C,can
19、beeconomicallyemployedincoldclimates.At0C,thephysiologicalactivityofgrainisinsignificantevenwhenitsmoisturecontentisclosetothemaximumrecognizedinternationally.CerealsandpulsesGuidanceonmeasurementofthetemperatureofgrainstoredinbulk1 ScopeThisdocumentgivesguidanceonthemeasurementofthetemperatureofgra
20、instoredinbulkinstoragebuildings,silosoranyotherwarehouses,includingdetectionapparatus,temperaturesensors,layoutoftemperatureprobes,digitaldisplayofresultsandmeasurementoperationsteps.2 NormativereferencesTherearenonormativereferencesinthisdocument.3 TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,t
21、hefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obp一IECElectropedia:availableathttps:WWW.electropedia.org/3.1graincerealgrainsand/orseedsofpulses3.2bulkstoragestorageofgrain
22、3.1)unpackagedinlargequantitiesNote1toentry:Forexample,insilo,squatsiloandgrainstoragebuildings.3.3warehousestructureorbuildingforgrainstoragewithbasicrequirementsforsafestorageEXAMPLESilo,squatsilo,horizontalwarehouse,largesizehorizontalwarehouse,multi-storiedwarehouse.3.4thermometricsystemforstor
23、edgrainsystemformonitoringthestoredgraintemperatureinbulkstorage(3.2),whichisimplementedbymeansofcomputer,communicationnetworkandelectronictechnology4 PrinciplePlacingaseriesofthermometricprobesthroughoutthemassofstoredgraintodetectormonitorchangesintemperature.ISO2025-Allrightsreserved5 Apparatusan
24、dsystemThetypeofapparatusandmeasurementsystemorinstallationshallbesuitableforthesizeandshapeofthewarehouseaswellasthestorageperiod.Forexample:a) forshort-termstorage,usethefollowingapparatus:1) aportableapparatus,forsmallwarehouses;2) asemi-fixedorretractableapparatus,forhorizontalwarehouse,i.e.ware
25、houseswithextensiveoorareasandlimitedheight;3) apermanentinstallation,forverticalwarehouse(silos);b) forlong-termstorage,useameasurementsystem.Temperaturemeasuringpointsshouldbearrangedforthewholewarehouseaccordingtoacertainstandard6.1)andconnectedviaawiredorwirelesscommunicationtechnology.Computers
26、orotherdetectionapparatusshouldbeusedformonitoringthegraintemperatureinawarehouseoragraindepot,resultingintherecord,display,queryandanalysisofthetemperaturevalue.Theapparatus(system)shallcomprisethepartsgivenin5to5i5.2.1 Thermometriccables(probes),oneormore,usuallyconsistingofarigidtubeorflexiblecab
27、le(5.2)withoneormoretemperature-sensingdevices(5.3),togetherwiththeirrespectiveoutputconductors,whicharehousedinthetubeorcable.Whentheprobeisburiedinthemassofgrain,itsresponsetimetoreachasteadytemperaturereadingshallnotexceed3min.Thematerialsusedtofabricatethethermometricprobesshallberesistanttoprod
28、uctsemployedforfumigationandtodamagebyrodents.Flexiblecablesuspendedinsilosshouldbeanchoredatthebottomofthewarehousetopreventdislocationduringloading.Theupperendsofcablesshouldbeanchoredonthesiloroofthroughthereservedholesontherooforhungonthehooksinsertedtheceiling.Theupperendsoftheflexiblecablescan
29、beconnectedtothecontrolcabinet.2.2 Flexiblecablesorrigidtubes,ofappropriatelengthanddiameter,madeofglassfibre,metalorothersuitablematerialand,particularlyforverticalwarehouses,havingthestrengthandrigiditytoresisttheveryhightensileandcompressiveforceswhichoccurwhenthewarehouseisfilledandemptied.NOTEF
30、orcesonthetubesorcablesincreasewiththeirdiameter,depthofburial,andmovementofthegrainduringloadingandunloading.Tensileforcesofupto50kNcanoccur.Asmalldiameterhastheeffectofreducingthestrainatfasteningpointsandsimplifyingtheanchoragesystem.Conversely,largerdiametersgivegreaterrigidity,whichisparticular
31、lyimportantforverydeepwarehouses.2.3 Temperaturesensors,consistingofathermistor,athermocoupleanaloguesensor,adigitaltemperaturesensororanyotherelectricaltemperature-sensingdevicecapableofdetectingchangesintemperatureoftheorderof0,5,withaworkingrangeupto70andalowerlimitappropriateforthelocalambientte
32、mperatures.2.4 Thermometricinstruments,withtemperaturedetection,resultdisplayandrecord.Theyshallbematchedwiththethermometrycables(probes)atthemeasuringpointsinthemassofstoredgrainthroughthedirectwiredconnectiontooneormorethermometriccables(probes),orthewirelessremotemonitoringoutsidethewarehouses(se
33、eAnnexA).2.5 Thermometricsystemforstoredgrain,tomonitorthegraintemperatureinthebulkstorageviacomputer,communicationnetworkandelectronictechnology.6Procedure6.1 Positioningthemeasuringpoints6.1.1 GraintemperaturesensorsThelayoutofgraintemperaturesensorsshallbesuitablefordifferentwarehousesforlong-ter
34、mstorage.Forhorizontalwarehouses,thethermometriccablesshallbenomorethan5mapartfromeachotherinanydirection.Temperaturesensorsshallbeverticallyspacednomorethan2m,andshallbeplaced: approximately0,3mto0,5mbelowthesurfaceofthegrain;一approximately0,5mto0,8mabovethe11oor; approximately0,5mto0,8mapartfromth
35、ewalls.Forsilos,thethermometriccablesshallbearrangedinaringwithaspaceofnomorethan5mhorizontallyandnomorethan3mverticallyfromeachother.Theyshallbeplaced: approximately0,3mto0,5mbelowthesurfaceofthegrain; approximately0,8mtoLomabovethefloor; approximately1,5mto2,0mapartfromthewalls.Measuringpointsinot
36、herwarehousesshouldbearrangedaccordingtotheaboveprinciples(seeAnnexB).Forshort-termstorage,agrainstoragebuildingcanbedividedintoseveralareas,andeachareaisnomorethan100m2.Fivemeasuringpointsshallbeplacedatthecentreandfourcornersinonearea.Agrainbulkshouldbeverticallyarrangedintosomelayersaccordingitsh
37、eight.Forexample,agrainbulkshallhave: twolayersifitsheightislessthan2m; threelayersifitsheightisapproximately2mto4m; fourlayersifitsheightisapproximately4mto6m; morelayersifitsheightismorethan6m.Thespaceofthemeasuringpointsbelowthegrainsurface,abovetheoorandapartfromthewallsinhorizontalwarehousesand
38、silosshallbeconsistentwiththeprinciplesforlong-termstorage.6.1.2 WarehousetemperaturesensorsThelayoutofwarehousetemperaturesensorsshallbesuitablefordifferenttypesofwarehouses.Ineachhorizontalwarehouse,onetemperaturesensorshallbeplacedinthecentreofthespaceabovethegrainsurface(designedgrainloadingsurf
39、ace).Eachsinglesiloandstarsiloshallbeequippedwithonetemperaturesensor,whichshallbelocatedinthecentreofthespaceabovethegrainsurface(designedgrainloadingsurface).Warehousetemperaturesensorsinotherwarehousesshallbearrangedaccordingtotheaboveprinciples.6.1.3 AirtemperaturesensorsAnairtemperaturesensorsh
40、ouldbeplacedinthethermometershelterabout1,5mabovethegroundintheopenareaoutsidethegrainwarehouse.6.2 Temperaturereadings6.2.1 FrequencyofreadingsIfthegrainisinunfavourablestorageconditions,readthetemperaturesatthemeasuringpointsinthemassofstoredgrainatfrequenttimeintervals(e.g.every24h).Forfavourable
41、storageconditions(dryandcoldgrain),thefrequencyofreadingsmaybereduced(e.g.toonceaweek)Personsresponsibleforstoragefacilitiesshalldeterminethefrequencyoftemperaturereadings,takingintoaccountthenatureofthestoredproduct,themoisturecontentoftheproduct,theseasonoftheyear,thedegreeofinsectinfestationofthe
42、product,etc.6.2.2 ParticularrequirementsforventilatedwarehousesReadandrecordthetemperaturesatthevariousmeasuringpointsinthemassofstoredgrainusingthefollowingprocedure:a) Iftheventilationisnotinoperation,carryoutaninitialtemperaturereadingandthenventilatethegrainfor30minto45min,dependingontheheightof
43、thewarehouse.Measurethetemperatureoftheventilationairattheinlet.NOTEDuringthisshortperiodofventilation,theairatanyhotspotpresentrises,thusheatingtheupperprobe(三).b) Carryoutasecondtemperaturereadingafterventilation,correctingthevalueobtainedwherenecessarytotakeaccountofthetemperatureoftheventilation
44、air.Iftheresultobtainedbetweentheinitialandsecondtemperaturereadingsisapproximately5orabove,ahotspotcanbepresumedtobepresentandthereisariskofdamage.Provisionsshallbemade(servicecontracts,reservesofspareparts)toensurethattheupperprobesareneveroutofcommissionforlongerthan24h.7Temperaturerecords7.1 Gen
45、eralThetemperaturerecordsshallindicatetheapparatusused,thetemperaturesrecordedatthevariousmeasuringpoints,andthetimesatwhichthetemperaturesweremeasured.Theyshallalsomentionalloperatingconditionsnotspecifiedinthisdocument,orregardedasoptional,aswellasanycircumstancesthatcanhavein11uencedthereadings.T
46、heyshallinclude,ifnecessary,allinformationrelatingtothewarehouseinquestionandtothenatureoftheproductstored.7.2 CalibrationThesensorsandtemperature-readingdevicesshallbecalibratedafteronecalibrationcyclefordifferenttypesofsensors.Inaddition,duringthecalibrationperiod,thedeviationofthetemperature-read
47、ingdevicesshallalsobecheckedfromtimetotime.AnnexAinformativeTemperature-readingdevicesReadingdevicesdifferaccordingtothesizeoftheinstallation.Insmallinstallations,thereadingdevicemaybeanelectricalorelectronicmeasuringappliance,graduatedindegreesCelsius,givingthetemperaturereadingandfittedwithathermo
48、metricprobewhichispushedintothemassofgrainattherequiredmeasuringpoints.Inlargerinstallations,acontrolcabinetmaybeused.Thecontrolcabinetmaysimplyholdthereadinginstrumentsandindicators.However,itmaybemorecomplexandinclude: ananalogueordigitalindicatorforeithermanualorautomaticreadingandrecordingoftemperatures; avariationindicatorshowinganyfluctuationinthetemperatureinrelationtoasetvalue; pre-setcontrolswhich,whenthetemperaturerisesaboveapre-setvalue,automaticallyactivatevisualoraudiblealarmsignalsan
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