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1、专题八 科普知识型阅读理解,专题八 科普知识型阅读理解,专题八 专题导读,科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。 这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：,专题八 专题导读,1文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。 2句子结构较
2、复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。 3常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。,专题八 真题典例,【2011湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species. The discovery was made by researchers at York
3、and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant. Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the
4、team,专题八 真题典例,compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African
5、forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists. There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might
6、be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.,专题八 真题典例,Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants significant
7、size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different d
8、oes not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA. Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We,专题八 真题典例,now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for con
9、servation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.” ( )1.One of the fossils studied by the research
10、ers is that of _. Athe Asian elephant Bthe forest elephant Cthe savanna elephant Dthe mastodon elephant,专题八 真题典例,( )2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_.” Aevolution Bexhibition Cseparation Dexamination ( )3.The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephan
11、ts _. ADNA Bheight Cweight Dpopulation,专题八 真题典例,( )4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly about? AThe conservation of African elephants. BThe purpose of studying African elephants. CThe way to divide African elephants into two units. DThe reason for the distinction of African elephants. ( )5.Which of
12、the following can be the best title for the passage? ANaturalists Beliefs about Elephants BAmazing Experiments about Elephants CAn Unexpected Finding about Elephants DA Long Scientific Debate about Elephants,专题八 真题典例,【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。 1D 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Once th
13、ey obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判断选D。 2C 词义猜测题。根据第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species f
14、or several million years.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。,专题八 真题典例,3A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that
15、 modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选A。,专题八 真题典例,4A 逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priorit
16、y (优先)for conservation purposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。 5C 主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。,专题八 新题预测,(一) Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have childr
17、en of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently. The new work by Sonya MKahlenberg and Richard WWrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference
18、in a wild animals choice of playthings.,专题八 新题预测,The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Dol
19、l play among humans could have its origins in objectcarrying by earlier apes(猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization. “In humans, there are obvious sex differences in childrens toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures，” says Kahlen
20、berg.“While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”,专题八 新题预测,In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted
21、more than 100 examples of stickcarrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wa
22、nted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，” says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis (假设) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks,专题八 新题预测
23、,when they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.” ( )1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks? AShe gives them to her child to play with. BShe treats them as dolls. CShe makes useful tools from them. DShe treats them as weapons. ( )2.What caus
24、es the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage? ASex difference. BSocialization. CEnvironment. DCultural difference.,专题八 新题预测,( )3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _. Asocialization has nothing to do with humans choice of playthings Bsex difference is the only fac
25、tor in humans choice of playthings Cthe biology factor may also influence toy choice Dpeople choose different toys in different cultures ( )4.Wrangham probably believes that _. Aobserving so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusion Bthe study proves human beings have evolved (进
26、化) from chimpanzees Call chimpanzees treat the sticks as dolls Dchildren playing with sticks are abnormal,专题八 新题预测,( )5.It can be concluded from the passage that _. Aboth humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference Bdifferent factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose di
27、fferent playthings Conly female chimpanzees have playthings Dchimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children,专题八 新题预测,【解析】 本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。 1B 细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。 2A 细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。 3C 推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。 4A 推理判断题。从第五
28、段最后一句可知答案。 5A 推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。,专题八 新题预测,(二) We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkeypox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, its hard not to wonder if the disease th
29、at comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the infections (感染) we think of as human infections started in other animals，” says Stephen Morse, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.,专题八 新题预测,Its not just that were going to where the anim
30、als are; were also bringing them closer to us.Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country.A strange illness killed Isaksens pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I dont think its fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of
31、them，” says Isaksen. “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without strict control need changing，” says Peter Schantz.Monkeypox may be the_wakeup_call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these,专题八 新题预测,new diseases.A ne
32、w bug (病毒) may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful.Monkeypox doesnt look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person. ( )1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that the pet sold at the shop may _. Acome from Columbia Bprevent us from bein
33、g infected Cenjoy being with children Dsuffer from monkeypox,专题八 新题预测,( )2.Why did Isaksen advise people not to have foreign pets? AThey attack human beings. BWe need to study native animals. CThey cant live out of the rain forest. DWe do not know much about them yet. ( )3.What does the phrase “the
34、wakeup call” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? Aa new disease Ba clear warning Ca dangerous animal Da morning call,专题八 新题预测,( )4.The text suggests that in the future we _. Amay have to fight against more new diseases Bmay easily get infected by diseases from dogs Cshould not be allowed to have pets
35、 Dshould stop buying pets from Africa ( )5.The last paragraph means _. Awe should have laws to stop having pets at home Bwild animals shouldnt be adopted as pets Claws should be passed to avoid pets diseases spreading Dpeople with pets should be stayed at home,专题八 新题预测,【解析】饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本是非洲雨林中的一种疾病
36、，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。 1D 根据We have met the enemy, and he is ours. We bought him at a pet shop. When monkeypox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, its hard not to wonder if the di
37、sease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.可推断，从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。,专题八 新题预测,2D 根据A strange illness killed Isaksens pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I dont think its fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，”可判断。 3B
38、 根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断“the wakeup call”表示“一种警示”。,专题八 新题预测,4A 根据We know very little about these new diseases. A new bug (病毒) may be kind at first. But it may develop into something harmful.可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。 5C 最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。,