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1、学习必备欢迎下载 动词不定式三注意 动词不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，常由“ to + 动词原形”构成，可在句中 作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。今天，咱们主要谈谈关于它的三个 要多加注意的方面。 1. 作宾语的动词不定式何时省略to 我们知道，像 ask, want, invite, wish, expect, warn 等动词后常接带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 那什么时候把 to 省略呢？常见的有 “一感二听 三让四看半帮助”几种情况。即feel sb do sth; listen/ hear sb do; make/ let/ have sb do sth; look a
2、t/ see/ watch/ notice sb do sth; help sb ( to ) do sth 。 如：I often hear Molly sing songs in her room. 我经常听见莫利在她 的房间里唱歌。 Don t make him stand outside. 别让他在外边站着了。 【知识拓展】 若表示“看到 / 听到/ 感觉到某人正在做某事” ， 则用 see/ hear/ feel sb doing sth. 如：I can hear someone singing at the door. 我能听见有人正在问口 唱歌。 在被动语态中，这些不定式中被省
3、略的to 要还原。 如：He was made to do more work. 他被要求做更多的工作。 She was seen to play basketball. 他被看见在打篮球。 2. 疑问词 +不定式 不定式可以和疑问词what, how, when, where 等连用，共同作句子的宾语 或表语等，但此时不定式一定要放在疑问词的后面。 学习必备欢迎下载 如：Can you show me how to turn off the computer? 你能让我看看如何关电脑吗？ (how to do sth 作宾语 ) Where to spend the weekend hasn
4、t been decided yet. 去哪里度过周末还没有被决定出来呢。(where to do sth 作主语 ) 3. 不定式和 it 不定式可以作句子的主语和宾语， 但有时候它们因太长而显得句子结构不够 完美，故常用 it 来代替它作形式主语或形式宾语。 常见的句型有以下两个： It be + adj + for sb to do sth.对某人来说 做某事怎么样。（ it 作形式主语） sb thinks/ find it + adj + to do sth. 某人认为（发现）做某事怎么样。（it 作形式宾语） 如：It is very easy for me to answer t
5、hat question. 对我来说，回答 那个问题是很容易的。 Did you find it hard to solve the problem? 你觉得解决那个问题 很难吗？ 练一练： 用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。 1. Can you tell me how _ to the cinema? （go） 2. It is very easy for him _ that problem. （solve ） 3. Listen! Can you hear someone _ at our door? （knock） 4. He was made _ his name on the bl
6、ackboard. （write ） 5. We often see him _ books on the playground. （read） 6. I find it hard _ a new language. （learn ） 学习必备欢迎下载 1. to go 2. to slove 3. knocking 4. to write 5. read 6. to learn 1. Dont forget _ the letter. A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent 2. The chair looks very old, but in
7、 fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on 3. Is _ necessary to return the book tomorrow? A. this B. that C. it D. which 4. Im afraid they would not allow him _ here. A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke 5. Mother told me _ the water before I drank it. A. boiling
8、 B. boiled C. boil D. to boil 6. On my way home, I stopped _ some food. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought 7. John was made _ the car for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 8. The sitting-room needs _, but itll have to wait until Saturday. A. be cleaning B. to b
9、e cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 9. The first thing I want to do is _. A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him 10. Li Yang advised me _ too much, otherwise I would have been d runk. A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking 参考答案 1. A. forget to do sth . 忘记去做某事
10、。 forget doing sth . 忘 记做过某事。 2. B. sit on the chair, 其中 on 不能少。 3. C. it为形式主语。 4. A. allow sb to do 5. D. tell sb, to do 6. B. stop to do 停下去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 7. A. make sb do 在被动语态中为 be made to do . 8. B. need to be done与 need doing 皆为“需要被做”之意。 9. B. 不定式结构作表语。 10. A. 不定式的否定式： advise sb not
11、to do 被动语态 一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主 动语态和被动语态。 学习必备欢迎下载 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 巧记为： 主动、主动、 主去动 。 如： Many people speak English. 谓语： speak 的动作是由主语 many people 来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。 巧记为：被动、 被动、主被动 。 所谓“被动语态”， 相当于中文中常说的“被”、 “由” 的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”再如： English is spoken by ma
12、ny people. 主语 English 是动词 speak 的承受者。 判断：看下面的两个例句，你来判断哪个是主动哪个是被动？ He opened the door.他开了门。（_ ） The door was opened.门被开了。（_ ） 说明：好了，现在我们对被动语态的句子形式有了一个形象的认识，但英语句子 是千变万化的， 这时就需要你有“火眼金睛”了。下面我们来具体了解一下被动 语态的构成。 二、被动语态的构成 被动特点强调宾（语），用be 加上过去分（词）。行为对象作主语，逻辑主语 by 来引。 1. English is _（speak）in Canada. 2. The b
13、louse is _（make ）of silk. 3. English is _（speak）by many people. 谁做的动作不知道， 说出谁做的没必要。 动作承受者需强调， 用被动语态莫忘了。 1. Some stamps were _ （steal ）last week. 2. The PRC was _ （found）on October 1, 1949. 3. Football is _（play ）in most middle schools. 被动语态须留意， P.P 前面助动 be. be + P.P 学习必备欢迎下载 am （is,are）现在时， am （is,a
14、re）+P.P was和 were 表过去。 was（were）+P.P 完成 have（has）been。have（has）been+P.P 将来，情态， be 原形。 will （can,may,must ）be+P.P 进行时态两个be，前表时态后加ing 。am （is,are）+being+P.P 被动语态由“ 助动词 be及物动词的过去分词 ”构成。人称、数和时态 的变化是通过 be 的变化表现出来的。 说明：别看英语中一会儿主动被动一会儿现在时一会儿过去时啥的，好像看得咱 们眼花缭乱啦。其实呢，这么一堆东西归纳起来，就两点：时态和语态。 歌诀： 被动语态 be 字变，过去分词跟后
15、面。 说明：那么，什么时候用被动语态呢？简单的说，凡是汉语中带“被”的句子， 都能转换成英语的被动语态。 几种常用时态的被动语态 1. 一般现在时： am/is/are+过去分词 肯定句： Bikes are _ （sell ）in that shop. 否定句： Bikes are not sold in that shop. 疑问句： Are bikes sold in that shop? Yes, they are. / No, they arent. 2. 一般过去时： was/were+ 过去分词 肯定句： China was _（liberate）in 1949. 否定句： Ch
16、ina was not liberated in 1949. 疑问句： Was China liberated in 1949? Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt. 3. 一般将来时： shall/will/be going to + be+过去分词 学习必备欢迎下载 肯定句： An English class will be _ （give ）by Jack tomorrow. 否定句： An English class will not be given by Jack tomorrow. 疑问句：Will an English class be given by J
17、ack tomorrow? Yes, it will. / No. it wont. 4. 现在进行时： am/is/are + being+过去分词 肯定句： A car is being _（drive ）now. 否定句： A car is not being driven now. 疑问句： Is a car being driven now? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt. 5. 现在完成时： have / has+ been+过去分词 肯定句： A road has been _ （build ）by the government. 否定句： A road h
18、asnt been built by the government. 疑问句： Has a road been built by the government? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt. 6. 情态动词：情态动词 +be + P.P 1 ）This clock can be _（repair ）here. 2 ）The trees may be _ （plant ）at other times of the year. 3 ）The composition must be _（hand）in after class. 4 ）The young trees sho
19、uld be _（plant ）in spring. 三、被动语态的用法 （1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如： Some new computers were _ （steal ）last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的） This book was _（publish ）in 1981. 这本书出版于 1981 年。 学习必备欢迎下载 （2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如： The window was _ （break）by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was _（write ）by him. 这本书是他写的。
20、 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天 8 小时睡眠必 须得到保证。 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态 运用到。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指 的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词（词组）作谓语 动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子。 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 （2）把谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词） （根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词
21、的时态 来决定 be 的形式）。 （3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people _（laugh ）at him. He was _（laugh ）at by all people. They _ （make ）the bikes in the factory. The bikes are _（make ）by them in the factory. 歌诀： 宾变主，主变宾， by 短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be 后“过分”来使 用。 学习必备欢迎下载 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去
22、分词” 构成，原来带 to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to ”仍要保留。 歌诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be 加“过分”，原来带 to 要保留。 例如： We can _（repair ）this watch in two days. This watch can be _ （repair ）in two days. You ought to _（take ）it away. It ought to be _（take ）away. They should _ （do）it at once. It should be _（do）at once. 六、含双宾语的主动结构变被动结构 口诀： 如遇双宾
23、语，最好变间宾。如若变直宾，be done 后加 to(或 for ) 含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的 主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语（指人）变为主语，直 接宾语（指物）不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语 （指物）变为主语，间接宾语（指 人）不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介词to ，有时加 for 。例如： 1. My father gave me a new book on my birthday. I was given a new book（ by my father）on my birthday.（间接宾语作 了主语） A new book
24、was given to me（by my father）on my birthday.（直接宾 语作了主语） 2. Father bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat . （间接宾语作了主语） 学习必备欢迎下载 A new coat was bought for me. （直接宾语作了主语） 七、补充 一些宾补动词如 make, see, hear等在主动语态中可以接动词原形（实 为省略 to 的动词不定式）作为宾语补足语的动词在变被动语态是一定要注意恢 复 to 。如： He made me stand outside. I was m
25、ade to stand outside（by him ）. I saw him play football. He was seen to play football（by him ）. 有一个顺口溜方便记忆： 宾补动词真奇怪， to 在句中像妖怪。主动句中to 走开，被动句中 to 回来。 小小练习 （）1. Basketball _after school twice a week. A. is played B. will be played C. was played （）2. A lift _ to go up and down every day. A. is used B. a
26、re used C. be used （）3. Shoes _ in the shop last year. A. was sold B. is sold C. were sold （）4. In this game their hands _. A. not be seen B. be not seen C. can t be seen （）5. These mooncakes _ already by Mary. A. will be eaten B. haven t been eaten C. have been eaten 学习必备欢迎下载 （）6. He _ to the hospi
27、tal in a few minutes. A. was taken B. is taken C. will be taken （）7. My birthday cake _yet. A. is made B. has been made C. hasnt been made （）8. English _ in this school since 1980. A. is taught B. has been taught C. was taught （）9. The boy _by Ling Feng. A. are looked after B. can be looked after C.
28、 were looked after （）10. These treasures _since many years ago. A. have been kept B. were kept C. are kept （）11. The garden _ a week ago. A. is tidied B. has been tidied C. was tidied （）12. He wanted to know if the tickets _ to him tomorrow. A. would be sent B. will be sent C. are sent （）13. At the
29、crossing, a policeman _often _. A. is.seen B. was.seen C. are.seen （）14. Sometimes they _ play football. A. are seen to B. are seen C. will be seen to （）15. All the clothes in the shop _. A. is tried on B. was tried on C. can be tried on 学习必备欢迎下载 （）16. The worker said that he _ a ladder at once. A.
30、needs B. needed C. was needed D. is needed （）17. A doctor _for by her last month. A. send B. were sent C. was sent D. sent （）18. The doctor _ Edisons mother. A. was saved B. has been saved C. saved D. have saved （）19. So much metal _ into small pieces here every day. A. were cut B. are cut C. is cut D. cut （）20. - Where is Jim s telephone number? - It _ on the blackboard already. A. writes B. wrote C. is written D. has been written