中考英语专题复习之时态和语态.pdf

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1、中考复习之时态和语态 -2013-3-23 中考考点 1 动词的第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成。 2 动词的 8 种时态的基本结构及区别( 了解过去将来时、过去完成时的基本用法) 。 3 被动语态的构成及主动语态和被动语态的转换。 初中阶段应掌握的时态共有八种，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成 时。 1 一般现在时 (1) 用法： 表示事实、现状、性质或经常的、习惯性的动作。常与seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a

2、week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。如： I go to school at seven every day. 我每天七点去上学。 表示普遍真理。如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作。如：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时。 如： Ill go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow. 如果明天我妈妈有空，我将和她去购物。 (2) 动词的第三人称单数形

3、式变化规则如下： 直接加 s。如： work works 。 辅音字母 y 结尾的词，先变y 为 i，再加 es。如： carry carries; crycries; trytries; studystudies。 以 s、x、o、ch、sh 结尾的词加es。如： wash washes; teachteaches; gogoes; passpasses; fixfixes 。 特殊： have has 。 2. 现在进行时 (1) 结构：am/is/are动词的 ing 形式 (2) 用法：表示目前发生( 进行 ) 的动作 (不指状态 ) ，常用的时间状语有：now, at the mom

4、ent 等。当有look, listen起提示作用时，后面 的句子常用现在进行时。 如： Are you writing a letter to your friend now? 你现在正在给你朋友写信吗？ Listen! She is singing in the next room. 听！她正在隔壁唱歌。 表示现阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。如：We are planting trees these days.这些日子我们在植树。 表示位移的动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。此类词有come, go, leave, arrive, fly等，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 如： The

5、y are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon. 他们明天下午要去英国。 (3) 现在分词的变化规则： 一般加 -ing 。如： play playing。 以不发音字母e 结尾的，去e 加ing 。如： come coming; makemaking; liveliving ；write writing; taketaking 。 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ing 。如： run running; sitsitting; beginbeginning; cut cutting; stopstopping; ge

6、tgetting; swimswimming; planplanning。 特殊： die dying; lielying; tietying 。 3. 一般将来时 (1) 结构：助动词shall/will动词原形 (2) 用法：表示将要发生的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有：later(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。 如： I shall be eighteen years old next year.明年我 18 岁了。 表示某种必然的趋势。如：Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼

7、就会死。 (3) 注意： 在以第一人称作主语的问句中，常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况， 在以第二人称作主语的句中，用 will 表示请求。如： Where shall we have lunch? 我们在哪里吃午饭？ 当主语是第一人称时，用will 表示意愿、决心、允诺、命令等。如： I will give Xiaoming a good gift for his birthday. 我会在小明生日时送他一份好礼。 在时间或条件状语从句中，一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： I will write to Jim when he is there. 当吉姆到达那里时，我将给他写信。 “

8、 be going to动词原形”也可表示将来时。 a表示主观意愿、打算等。如：Hes going to learn English next term.下学期他打算学英语。 b根据已有迹象能推测出可能要发生的情况。如：Look at the black clouds！It is going to rain. 看那些乌云！马上要下雨了。 提示 表示位移的动词的进行时常表达将来之意，如：come, go, leave, fly, start, finish等。如： Shes flying to Australia next month.下个月她将飞往澳大利亚。 4 一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作

9、或存在的状态。句中的谓语动词要变为过去式。 (1) 句型结构： be 动词型 I was a student last year. 去年我是一名学生。 Were you at home this morning? 今天早上你在家吗？ Yes, I was./No, I wasnt. 是的，我在。 / 不，我不在。 行为动词型 Tom went to Shanghai last year. 去年汤姆去了上海。 John did n t leave here last year . 去年约翰没有住在这里。 Did you see him just now? 你刚才看见他了吗？ (2) 用法：主要表

10、示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如： His friend was at work yesterday. 他的朋友昨天在工作。 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与often ，always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。如： We often went to work by bus last year. 去年我们经常乘公交车上班。 和 when 等引导的时间状语从句连用。如：When he got home, he had a rest. 当他到家时，他休息了一会儿。 常与表示过去的时间状语连用。这些状语有：ago, yesterday, last week, in the old day

11、s, when I was five years old, in 1995等。 如：We began our work three hours ago三小时前，我们开始工作。 (3) 动词过去式的变化规则： 一般情况在动词原形后加-ed 。如 : watch watched。 以不发音字母e 结尾的加 -d 。如： live lived; practicepracticed。 以辅音字母加y 结尾的，变y 为 i 加-ed 。如： study studied; carrycarried; crycried 。 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ed 。如： st

12、op stopped; planplanned; 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。 5. 现在完成时 (1) 结构：have/has动词的过去分词 (2) 用法：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。有时与just, already, yet, recently, before，ever , never , twice, three times 等时间状语连用。 如： I have seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since 时间点”， “for 时间段”，及 how l

13、ong, (ever)since, ever, before, so far , in the last/past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。如： Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。 So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 (3) 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响，因此，若

14、不 强调某事对现在的影响就不用现在完成时。如： I saw the movie yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。( 强调电影是昨天看的) I have already seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影了。( 强调到现在为止看过这部电影了) (4) 延续性动词 : 在现在完成时中，如果有持续的时间状语，要把非延续性动词变为延续性动词。如： I have had the book for two days. 这本书我已经买了两天了。(用 had ，而不用 bought) I have been in Tokyo for two weeks. 我已经来东京两周了。(用 be

15、en in，而不用 come to) 6 过去进行时 (1) 结构：was/weredoing (2) 用法：过去进行时主要表示过去某一时间点或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如： His father fell down while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 他爸爸骑自行车时摔到了，弄伤了自己。 (3) 常用的时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, last evening, when, while。 (4)when和 whil

16、e的区别： 引导时间状语从句时，while 连接的是时间段， 后常接延续性动词；而 when连接的既可以是延续性动词也可以是非延续性动词。如：What was your father doing while your mother was cooking？你妈妈正在做饭时，你爸爸干什么呢？ What was your mother doing when you came back? 当你回来时，你妈妈干什么呢？ while可以连接两个并列的句子，而when不可以。如： I was trying my best to finish my work while my sister was watc

17、hing TV. 我当时正在尽力完成作业，而我的妹妹正在看电视。 when可作特殊疑问词，对时间进行提问，while 不能。如： When were you born?你是什么时候出生的？ 7 过去完成时 (1) 结构：had 动词的过去分词 (2) 用法：表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，也就是“过去的过去” 。 常以 by, before短语或 when, before, after, until 等引导的从句作为前提。如： My teacher said she had never been to London. 我老师说过她从来没去过伦敦。 When the polic

18、e arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。跟现在完成时一样，也常与how long, for three days, before 等表示 一段时间的状语连用。如： When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had left for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时，他得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。 8 过去将来时 (1) 结构：would 动词原形或was/weregoing to动词原形。 (2) 用法：表示从过去的某一时刻看，

19、将要发生的动作。如： His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year.他叔叔说明年会有个好收成。 提醒 在由 if 引导的条件状语从句中，如果主句中用过去将来时，if 从句中需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如： Amy said that she would go shopping if it didnt rain the next day.艾米说如果明天不下雨，她就去购物。 中考模拟练习 ( ) 1 I_ supper when the boy broke in. A. has B. have C. was hav

20、ing D. will have ( ) 2 We _ no class on Sundays. A. had B. have C. has D. are having ( ) 3 _ the Blacks _ TV at seven yesterday? A. Did; watch B. Are, watching C. Were; watching D. Do; watch ( ) 4 The scientist _ a walk in his garden at four last Sunday. A. was taking B. would take C. took D. was ta

21、ken ( ) 5 While Tom _ a football match, his sister was reading an interesting story in her room. A. was watching B. is watching C. has watched D. had watched ( ) 6 When Miss Zhao came into the classroom, the students _. A. talked B. were talking C. talkingD. talk ( ) 7 Mary was drawing a horse on th

22、e blackboard when I _ in. A. have comeB. cameC. am comingD. come ( ) 8 Look at the clouds. _. A. Its going to rainB. Itll be rainingC. It will be rainedD. Itll rain ( ) 9 My family _ to stay in London for some time. A. is going B. are going C. go D. are go ( ) 10 There _ two English films next week.

23、 A. is going to be B. are going to haveC. will haveD. are going to be ( ) 11 There is going to _ a volleyball match on our school playground.The match is going to _ at six this even ing. A. have; beB. be; haveC. be; beD. have; have ( ) 12 -Are you busy this afternoon? -No. I _ to watch a football ma

24、tch. A. am goingB. willC. shallD. can ( ) 13 Who _ help him to move the box away? A. areB. are going ,C. are going toD. is ( ) 14 Where _ buy a computer for your son? A. you areB. are goingC. you goD. are you going to ( ) 15 Next year my little sister _ ten years old. A. is to beB. is going to beC.

25、shall beD. will be ( ) 16 -Is this the last exam for this term? -Yes, but there _ another test three months from now. A. isB. wasC. will beD. has been ( ) 17 You _ late for school again if you _ early. A. shall be; wont get upB. are; wont get upC. will be; dont get upD. have been; not get ( ) 18 Cou

26、ld you please _ this rubber to Xiao Ling? A. to giveB. givingC. gaveD. give ( ) 19 _ you _ a teacher when you grow up? A. Will; beB. Are; going to beC. Are; /D. Will; going to be, ( ) 20 Last year the old man _ under the roof, enjoying the sunlight- A. sitsB. is sittingC. sitD. would sit ( ) 21 He _

27、 in our school for 20 years and he _ here in 1977. A. has taught; cameB. has taught; has comeC. taught; cameD. has teached; has came ( ) 22 _ the Great Wall? A. Have you ever gone toB. Are you ever going toC. Do you ever go toD. Have you ever been to ( ) 23 I _ the book yet. A. havent readB. hadnt r

28、eadC. dont readD. am not reading ( ) 24 They left for Beijing last month and we _ them ever since. A. dont hear fromB. havent heard fromC. wont hear fromD. didnt hear from ( ) 25 The old man _ in this house since 1949. A. has livedB. had livedC. is livingD. lives ( ) 26 I _ her only twice since last

29、 year. A. seeB. was seeingC. have seenD. saw ( ) 29 -_you _ your breakfast?-Yes, I have. -When _ you _ it?-Twenty minutes ago. A. Have; have; have; hadB. Did; have; did; haveC. Have; had; do; haveD. Have; had; did; have ( ) 30 -_ your homework yet?-Not yet, I _ it. A. Have you done; am doingB. Did y

30、ou do; didC. Did you do; am doingD. Have you done; did ( ) 31 My father isnt here now. He _ Shanghai. He _ there twice. A. has gone; has beenB. has gone to; has been toC. has been to; has goneD. has gone to; has been ( ) 32 -Could I speak to Mrs. Black, please? -Sorry, she _ to the library. A. is go

31、ingB. has goneC. has beenD. will to ( ) 33. Peter is young, but he _ many foreign countries. A. has been in B. has gone toC. went toD. has been to ( ) 34 _ you _ the book? A. Are; haveB. Have; gotC. Do; getD. Are; having ( )45. -Whats her name? -I_. A. forgetB. forgotC. had forgottenD. am forgetting

32、 ( )47.I_my homework now. A. finishB. finishedC. have finishedD. had finished ( )50.Last week John_ his leg. A. felt and broken B. fell and brokeC. feels and breaks D. fallen and broken 考点二动词的被动语态 英语中的动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 1被动语态的构成：助动词 be 及物动词的过去分词 (1) 一般现在时：主语 am/is/are动词的过去分词 (2) 一般过去时：主语 was/were动词的

33、过去分词 (3) 一般将来时：主语 will/shall/be going tobe动词的过去分词。如： A bridge will be built over the river. 人们将在这条河上建一座桥。 (4) 现在进行时：主语 am/is/arebeing 动词的过去分词。如： A bridge is being built over the river. 人们正在这条河上建桥。 (5) 现在完成时：主语 have/hasbeen 动词的过去分词 (6) 过去进行时：主语 was/werebeing 动词的过去分词 (7) 过去完成时：主语 had been动词的过去分词 (8) 过

34、去将来时：主语 would be动词的过去分词 (9) 含有情态动词的被动语态：主语情态动词be 动词的过去分词。如： A bridge can be seen over the river. 人们能看到河上有座桥。 (10) 在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel等后面作宾语补足语的不定式，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to 。如： Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 被动结构为：A stranger was seen to

35、 walk into the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进了这座楼。 2某些谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 (1) 英语中有很多动词，如：break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特 征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。 如： This kind of cloth washes well这种布料很好洗。 注意 主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较： The door wont lock.(指门本身有毛病) T

36、he door wont be locked.(指不会有人来锁门，表示“门没有锁”是人的原因) (2) 表示“发生、 进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。如： How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印刷出来的呢？ (3) 系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词，如：feel, sound, taste, feel等在主系表结构中常以

37、主动形式表示被动意义。如： Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。 (4) 下列结构中的v.ing 必须用主动形式表示被动意义： want(need, require, request)“需要” v.ing 。但当这些动词后接不定式时，则必须用被动形式表示被动意义。如： The bike needs mending.这辆自行车需要修理 Our classroom needs to be cleaned. 我们的教室需要打扫。 be worth doing sth值得做某事如： The book is well worth reading. 这本书很

38、值得一读 中考模拟练习 1. The sick boy _to hospital by the police yesterday. A. is taken B. was taken C. takes D. took 2. Waste paper shouldnt _ everywhere. Its our duty to keep our city clean. A. be thrown B. throw C. is thrown D. are thrown 3. -Do you have any problems if you _ this job? A. offer B. will off

39、er C. are offered D. will be offered 4. It is reported that more new teaching buildings _ in our school in the next term. A. will be built B. was built C. has built D. will build 5. -David, turn off the TV _ no one is watching it. -But it _ off already! The music is from the radio. A. so that, has b

40、een turned B.when,has turned C. if,has been turned D. because,has turned 6. ick _ a job in a bank, but to our surprise,he didnt take it. A. is offered B. offered C was offered D. has offered 7.-Its difficult for the village children to cross the river for school. - -I think a bridge _ over the river

41、. A. was built B. is being built C. has been built D. should be built 8. I _ to get there before seven tomorrow, so Ill have to get up early . A. told B. have told C. will tell D. was told 9. It is reported that the Underground Line No. 3 _ in our city in 2010. A. will build B. has built C. will be

42、built D. has been built 10. When you leave the room, make sure the door _. A. was locked B. is locked C. will be locked D. should be locked 课堂分享 a dog s dinner (一顿狗餐 ) 喻 “乱七八糟；一件做得很糟糕的工作”。 in the doghouse（在狗房里）喻“失宠，丢人“。 with the tail between the legs（双腿夹着尾巴）喻“垂头丧气” 。 Have a bone to pick with（有根骨头与抢）

43、喻“与为难”。 work like a dog（像狗一样工作）喻“拼命工作” 。 teach the dog to bark（教狗怎么叫）喻“做白费心机的事”。 以上都是英语中由“狗”引申过来的成语，多为褒义，同样在汉语中也有很多与狗相关的成语, 而在汉语中大部分是贬 义的 . 在汉语文化中, ”狗”常用来形容坏人, 如狗仗人势 , 狼心狗肺 , 够血喷人 , 狗急跳墙 , 鸡飞狗跳 , 鸡鸣狗盗 , 狗嘴里吐不 出象牙 , 狗眼看人低等等. 课后强化练习 -完形填空 David is a middle school student. He had lived in a small _1_ f

44、or fifteen years. It was a small place with only five families living there. His father, Mr. Hill, was a rich farmer and later on he _2_ a shop in our town. He bought a house here last month. His _3_ moved to the new house and his son began to study in our class. But he had _4_ friends here. At firs

45、t he often played by _5_. His neighbor Cathy is a kind girl. She has many friends. She finds the boy never talks with anybody and decides to help him. David _6_ to stay with her and talks to her a lot. Now theyre good friends. One afternoon, Cathy told David, “Itll be my sixteenth birthday tomorrow.

46、 Ill have a birthday party. Would you like to come?” “_ 7_. Im glad to,” the boy said happily. David got home and thought of a _8_ he could give to Cathy. He was sorry that he _9_ to ask the girl what she liked. He couldnt telephone her because he didnt know her _10_. At that moment Mrs. Hill came a

47、nd asked, “Whats the matter, dear?” “What would you like if it was your sixteenth birthday, Mom?” “Nothing,“ the woman said, “I just wish I were sixteen.” ( )1. A. town B. city C. village D. country ( )2. A. open B. opens C. opened D. opening ( )3. A. home B. shop C. building D. family ( )4. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little ( )5. A. himself B. him C. his D. he ( )6. A. enjoy B. enjoys C. like D. likes ( )7. A. Well B. No C. Sorry D. Certainly ( )8. A. book B. dress C. present D. pen ( )9. A. forgot B. forget C. remember D. remembered ( )10. A. home B. number C. place D. address