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1、1 词类、句子成分、基本句型 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、 意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类。 实词：名词 _、动词 _、形容词 _、 副词 _、代词 _、数词 _ 虚词：介词 _、冠词 _、连词 _、感叹词 _ （一）名词 名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 1. 普通名词 是某一类人、事物、某种物质后抽象概念的名称。 teacher market rice magazine sound production 2. 专有名词 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母大写。 Hemingway Russia New York United N
2、ations 1. 可数名词 shop shops busbuses library libraries leafleaves toytoys manmen toothteeth datumdata 2. 不可数名词 advice furniture hair homework information knowledge money news traffic progress absence anger courage music 1. 抽象名词 responsibility law love credibility creativity exploration 2. 具体名词 paper h
3、ouse tree soil student teacher （二）冠词 冠词放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a 用在以辅音开头的名词 前， an用在以元音开头的名词前。 a hotel a chance a double room a useful book an exhibition an honest man 定冠词只有一个， 即 the， 表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前， 也可用于不可数名词前。 the TV program the house the
4、 Olympic Games （三）代词 1. 人称代词： I, you, she, he, it, we, they 2. 物主代词： my, your, her, his, their, its, mine, yours, hers, theirs, ours 3. 反身代词： myself, yourself, itself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, oneself 4. 相互代词： each other, one another 5. 指示代词： this, that, these, those, such 6. 疑问代词： w
5、ho, whom, whose, which, what 7. 关系代词： who, whom, whose, which, that 8. 不定代词： some, any, no, all, every, many, a little, someone, something, everybody 2 （四）数词 数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者为基数词，如one, twenty, thirty-five, one hundred and ninety-five 等。后者为序数词，如first, second, twentieth, fifty-first等。 （五）形容词 形容词是用来
6、修饰名词，表示名词属性的词。如yellow, wonderful, strong, young, busy等。形容 词可分为原级、比较级、最高级。 （六）副词 1. 普通副词： together, well, carefully 2. 疑问副词： when, where, how, why 3. 连接副词： therefore, then, however, otherwise 4. 关系副词： where, when, why 副词也有比较级和最高级，构成和形容词一样。 （七）介词 介词又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面，表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分 之间的关系。 介词在句中一
7、般不重读，也不能单独作句子成分。 1.简单介词： in, at, for, since 2.复合介词： as for, out of, into, upon 3.二重介词： until after, from among 4.短语介词： according to, because of, in front of, in the event of 5.分词介词： regarding, considering, including 介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语。 （八）连词 连词是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，在句中一般不重读，也不能在句中单独 作句子
8、成分。 1.并列连词 (连接并列关系的的词、短语、从句或句子)：and, or, but, for, not only but also, neithernor 2.从属连词 (连接主从复合句)：that, if, whether, when, although, because, so that （九）感叹词 感叹词是表示喜怒哀乐等情感的词，例如oh, well, why, hello等。 （十）动词 动词是表示动作或状态的词，例如：sign, support, have, exist 等。可分为实义动词、系动词、情 态动词和助动词。 1.实义动词 有完整的意义，并能作独立的谓语，又可分为及
9、物动词和不及物动词。 (1) 及物动词： 后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，如 Give me some ink, please. If you have any questions, you can raise your hands. 3 (2) 不及物动词：后面不跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短 语动词，相当于与一个及物动词。 He works hard. Jack runs faster than Mike. Please look at the blackboard and listen to me. He got an “ A” this time becaus
10、e he went over his lessons carefully. 2.情态动词 表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气和情感。情态动词只能和动词原形 一起构成谓语动词。英语情态动词主要有：can, may, must, could, might., need, dare。 3.助动词 常和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及用于否定和疑问等 结构中。英语助动词主要有shall, will, have, be, should, would, do等。 4. 系动词 (1) 状态系动词：只有 be Manners are a tool to remind us of o
11、thers around us. (2) 持续系动词：表继续或保持一种状态或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, continue, rest, lie, stand。 I hope you will keep fit. He stayed single. You d have more chance of success if you would stand tall. (3) 表像系动词：表示看起来好像，主要有seem, appear, look 等。 He looks tired. This type of person seems (to be) someone who
12、has little or no faith in traditional religion. (4) 感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, look. The youngsters feel isolated. He looks honest, but actually he s a rogue. (5) 变化系动词：表示变成什么样，如become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 。 Teenagers have become increasingly aware of new products and brands.
13、His hair turned grey in few weeks. She went pale at the news. (6) 终止系动词：表示主语已经终止动作，主要有prove, turn out ，表达 “ 证实 ” 之意。 The plan turned out a success. The search proved difficult. 注意： 1. 要特别牢记系动词的固定搭配，如 come true, fall ill, go bad, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。 2. 要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实义动词的用法。 The
14、newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique. The chef is tasting the fish carefully. 动词十六种时态 一般时进行时完成时完成进行时 4 现在study am/is/are studying have studied have been studying 过去studied was/were studying had studied had been studying 将来will study will be studying will have studied will have been study
15、ing 过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying 注意：不少词可以同属于几个词类，如：smoke, own, just, key 等 二、句子成分 由不同词类的单词（名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词）， 按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一个句子由各个功能 不同的部分构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。英语句子的成分有八种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定 语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。 （一）主语（subject）是句子所要说
16、明的人或事物，是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首，不省 略，可以担当主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。 Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. （二）谓语动词（predicate verb ）是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成
17、分。谓语动词的位置一般在主 语之后。谓语动词由实义动词或系动词担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语 动词。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Tom was very sick at heart. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. （三）表语（predicative）是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的。它的位置在系动词之后。可做 表语的有名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、副词及表语从句等。 M
18、y father is a professor. Who s that? It s me. Everything here is dear to her. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. Three times five is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 5 （四）宾语（ object）表示动作的对
19、象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后或介词后，如 果没有，则及物动词无法表示完整的动作。 She covered her face with her hands. We haven t seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? * Give me four, please. He wants to dream a nice dream. * We need to know what others are doing. I lived in Japan in 1986. （五）定语（attribute ） 是修饰名
20、词或代词的词、短语或句子。单词做定语时通常放在它所修饰的 名词之前；短语和从句做定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。可以做定语的有名词、形容词、数词、 分词及其短语、不定式、介词短语以及从句等。 They are women workers. Toms father didn t write home until yesterday. Equal pay for equal work should be introduced. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing count
21、ry. You haven t kept your promise to write us often. My cat has a good nose for milk. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. （六）状语（adverbial ）是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、 目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及 其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。 These products are selling quickly. He
22、is knee deep in snow. The best fish swim near the bottom.* She sat there doing nothing. We ll send a car over to fetch you. She was slow to make up her mind. Strike while the iron is hot. There is no such a word in English so far as I know. （七）宾语补足语：我们知道，在英语中及物动词要加宾语意思才完整，不及物动词则无需加宾语。 但有些及物动词，除了要有宾语
23、之外，还要加上宾语补足语（object complement ），来补充说明其身 份、特征、状态或所做的动作，如果丢掉宾补，就不成为句子，或意思走样，这样的及物动词叫不 完全及物动词，即只加宾语不能完全表达完整意思。这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语。 宾补一般跟在宾语之后。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。 They elected me captain of the team. He made me ashamed of myself. We found everything there in good order. I should advise you
24、not to miss the chance. 6 I could feel my heart beating fast. Put your book into your schoolbag. Keep the water boiling for ten minutes. They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country. 宾补出现的场合： 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后做宾补，如： consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove 等。
25、结构： to be + 形容词或名词。think, consider, find 后的 to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. He proved that theory (to be) very important. I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 2. 使役动词make, have, leave后面。 The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out. What make the g
26、rass grow? They had us laughing all through the meals. I ve had my radio repaired so soon because my father had me do it. Leave the door open when you go out. They walked off and left me sitting there alone. 3. 感官动词hear, feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, smell 等后面， 若接不定式做宾补，要把 to 去掉，
27、但在被动语态中to 要加上。 I saw him drive the car at high speed yesterday. I ve never heard the song sung. Do you smell something burning? 4. 表示情感状态的词后面，如：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect 等。 I d prefer you to leave him alone. I don t want there to be any trouble. 注意： 在完整的句子中，如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词，而后面接的宾语是
28、短语或从句，后再接宾 语补语时，必须将作宾语的短语或从句放在宾语补语之后，把it 放在它的原来位置,这时 it 是形式宾 语,短语或从句是真正宾语。 I think it wrong to tell lies. 我认为撒谎是错误的。 it 是形式宾语，不定式短语to tell lies 是真正宾语 ,wrong 是宾语补语。 Did you make it clear why she didnt come? 你弄清楚她没有来的原因了吗? （八）主语补足语（subject complement）是对主语的补充，如果把宾语补足语所在的结构变成被动 语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补
29、足语。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、 介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。 I was elected captain of the team. The water was kept boiling for ten minutes. Everything there was found in good order. Some goods are left unsold. The boy was made to work hard 10 hours a day. 7 但还有一类主补不是出现在被动语态的句子中。英语有一定数量的不及物动词，完全保留了本 身的词汇意义，同时又发挥着系动词的功能。它们与主语
30、补足成分连用，所以这类词被称为“准系 动词”。用于“S+Vi+Cs ”(S 代表主语， Vi 代表不及物动词，Cs 代表主语补足语)这一句式的动词 都属于这种用法。有时，主语补足语不紧跟系动词，有可能被其它状语成分隔开。 He left home a poor worker ten years ago and came back a rich business man. His father died young. The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night. We parted the best friends. 词
31、类与句子成分的关系： 词类与句子成分既有区别又有联系。词类是孤立地单词分类；而句子成分则指单词、词组、短 语或从句在句中的作用。句子的各种成分总是由属于一定词类的单词或词组、短语、从句来担当的。 因此在词类和句子成分之间存在着某种对应关系。 主语谓语宾语表语定语状语宾（主）补足语 动词 名词 代词 形容词 副词 数词 不定式 分词 动名词 介词短语 三、基本句型 所谓基本句型 (basic sentence pattern)就是集中基本的谓语结构的格局。千变万化的句型都是由他 们演变而来的。英语的基本句型有五种。 主-谓 S-V 主-谓-宾 S-V-O 主-系-表 S-linkV-P 主-谓-
32、间宾 -直宾S-V-IO-DO 主-谓-宾-宾补S-V-O-C （一）主 -谓 S-V 此句型句子共同特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，所以都是不及物动词，后面常跟 副词、介词短语、状语从句等做状语。 S V（不及物动词） Time flies. The moon rose. The man cooked. We all eat and drink. 8 Everybody laughed. I woke. They talked for half an hour. He walked yesterday. He is playing. They have gone. （二）主 -谓 -
33、宾 S-V-O 此句型句子共同特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思， 必须跟有一个宾语，及动作的承受着，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 S V(及物动词 ) O（宾语） Who knows the answer? She laugh at her. He understands English. He made cakes. They ate some apples. Danny likes donuts. I want to have a cup of tea. He said “ Good morning”. （三）主 -系 -表 S-linkV-P
34、此句型句子共同特点：句子的谓语动词都不能表达完整的意思，都必须加上一个表明主语身份 或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫连系动词。 S Link-V( 系动词 ) P（表语） This is an English dictionary. The dinner smells good. He felt happy. Everything looks different. He is tall and strong. The book is interesting. The weather became warmer. His face turned red. （四）主 -谓
35、-间宾 -直宾S-V-IO-DO 此句型句子共同特点：句子的谓语动词必须根由两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一 个是动作的直接承受着，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当 动作的间接承受者在动作的的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被忽略。 S V(及物 ) IO （多指人）O（多指物） She passed him a new dress. She cooked her a delicious meal. He brought his son a dictionary. 9 He bought you nothing. I showed her my pictu
36、res. I gave him a hand. I told him how to run the machine. He showed me that the bus was late. （五）主 -谓 -宾-宾补S-V-O-C 此句型句子共同特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还是不能表达完整的意思，必 须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整 S V( 及物 ) O（宾语）C（宾补） We keep the table clean. They painted the door green They call supper dinner. They found the house
37、 dirty. What makes him sad? We saw him out. He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus. 辨别：复合宾语VS 双宾语 同学们对下面两种句型常常混淆： 及物动词 +宾语 +名词宾补（即复合宾语） 及物动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语（即双宾语） They made him captain of the ship. She told the children an interesting story. 在句中， him 与 captain 之间在逻辑上有主语和表语的关系，即“He
38、was captain.“句中 him 为 宾语， captain 为宾语补足语，两者合称“复合宾语”。 在句中， children 与 story 之间的关系是及物动词与涉及到的人与物之间的关系。一般表示人 的(children) 为间接宾语，表示物的(story)为直接宾语，两者合称“双宾语”。可以看出，间接宾语与 直接宾语在逻辑上没有主语与表语的关系，即不能说：“The children were story ”，但可以改写成： “She told an interesting story to the children ”，即间接宾语可以加介词to（或 for ）后置，而“复合宾 语”
39、不能。 综上所述，识别“复合宾语”和“双宾语”的方法是看宾语与它后面的词在逻辑上的关系，能 改写为主语和表语关系的，是“复合宾语”；若不能，只是及物动词所涉及到的人与事物之间的关 系，并且表示人的宾语可以加介词后置的，则为双宾语。 基本句型练习： 1. They worked hard. 2. The flower is dead. 3. Plants need water. 4. He gives me some seeds. 10 5. We should keep the plants in the shade. 6. Many animals live in tress. 1. The
40、 students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. They went hunting together early in the morning. 5. His job is to train swimmers. 6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 7. There is going to be an American film tonight. 8. He
41、is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 9. His wish is to become a scientist. 10. He managed to finish the work in time. 11. Tom came to ask me for advice. 12. He found it important to master English. 13. Do you have anything else to say? 14. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 15. Would you
42、 please tell me your address? 16. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 17. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 18. He noticed a man enter the room. 19. The apples tasted sweet. We found the hall full. We found the great hall full of students and teachers. We found the great hall full
43、of students and teachers listening to an important report. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 同一个动词因为有着不同的含义，可以分属不同的类型。 I haven t got far with the book. We will get depress
44、ed easily. Both children and adults get Christmas presents, although children usually get many more. He got her a splendid present. He got his shoes and socks wet. 在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思: I found the book easily. 我很容易地找到了这本书。 I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 I have to do something. 我得做点事。 I have so
45、mething to do. 我有点事做。 11 辨析： By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.