初中英语语法详解及练习题.pdf

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1、学习必备欢迎下载 20XX 年初中英语语法梳理和提高 名词 表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！ 一、名词的分类 名 词 类别意义例词 专有名词 表示具体的人名、 事物、国家、 地名、机构、团体等的专有名 称 Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall 普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 个体 名词 表示单个人的人或事物 girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country 集合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总 称 people, police, team, cloth

2、es, group, crew 不 可 数 名 词 物质 名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli 抽象 名词 表示抽象概念的词 fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care 注： 1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有 名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“ the ”，但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有 了变化。 eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒，wo

3、rk- a work 工厂，著作，glass-a glass 一个玻璃杯，room 空间 -a room 一个房间 二、 名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。 1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a 或 an” ；复数 形式是在名词后加“ -s 或-es” 。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化 及其读音可依照下表： 当名词为：词尾变化读音例词 一般情况加 s 在清辅音后 读/s/ chips, jeeps, pats , clocks 在浊辅音或 元音后读 /z/ boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers 以 s,x

4、,ch,sh 结 尾的单词 加 es /iz/ watches, boxes, classes, brushes 以字母o 结尾 的单词 加 s 或 es /z/ zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, 以辅音字母+y 结尾的单词 去 y 变 i 加 es /z/ dictionar ies, strawberries, 以 f 或 fe 结尾 的单词 去 f 或 fe 变 v 加 es /vz/ leaves, wiv es, halves 学习必备欢迎下载 以 th 结尾的词加 s /ez/; /z/mouths, paths;

5、 months, deaths 2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice 单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词 , 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers 注意 : 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在

6、使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc; 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3. 不可数名词： 表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有 复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其 特殊用法 : (1) 同一个词 ,变成复数形式, 意义不同。 eg. food 食物 - foods 各种食物， time 时间- times 时代， gr

7、een 绿色 -greens 青菜 (2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg. hope -hopes 希望hardship - hardships 艰苦 (3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词 +of 来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several ba gs of rice, 三、名词的所有格 名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s；另一 种是用 of, 表示“ 的” 。 1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾+s。 eg. Mr. Mott s robot, children s

8、 clothes (2) 以 s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾+ eg. teachers books (3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+ s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后 面 +s。 eg. Lucy and Lily s room. (指两人共住一个房间) Mrs Green s and Mrs Brown s son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctor s (office) Mr. Whites 2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the clas

9、sroom，a picture of the bedroom ， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of 短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man (4) 双重所有格eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Toms (5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有 格。 eg. ten minutes walk, today s newspaper 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. They got much _ from those new books. A. i

10、deas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析 : much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C 项为 学习必备欢迎下载 不可数名词 , 因此选 C. 2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges 解析 : orange 有两种含义 , 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填 可数名词 , 第二空填不可数名词, 因此

11、选C。 3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minute s walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk 解析 : 句中的minute 应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+,而不能 +s,因此选 A。 4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析 : person 与 people 都有 ” 人” 的意思 , 但用法不同 . “一个

12、人 ” 用 “a person ”, “ 两个人 ” 用 “ two persons” ; people 泛指“ 人们 ” 是集合名词 ,表示复数 , the people 指 “ 人民 ” , a people 指 “ 一个民族 ” . 应选 B。 5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples 解析 : chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡 肉;apple 为可数名词 , 故

13、应 +s, 因此选 D。 6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. room s number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers 解析 : room number 房间号码 . room 可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词. 类似的还有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选 C。 7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house

14、C. home D. room 解析 : family 指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house 指的是房子 (住所 ); room 指的是房间 ;而 home 指的是家 , 因此选 C. 8. _ mothers couldn t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peter s B. Mary and Peter C. Mary s and Peter D. Mary s and Peters 解析 : 此句中“mothers”是复数 ,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。 9. Li Lei

15、has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncle s C. her uncles D. aunt s 解析 : 此句意为“ 李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词. 因此选 B。 10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn t _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience 解析 : experience 作 “

16、经验 ” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “ 经历 ” 讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理 解为“ 经验 ”,因此是不可数名词,排除A C. 又因a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句 , 因此选 B。 11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters 学习必备欢迎下载 解析 : 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选 D。 12. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen,

17、 Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析 : Frenchman 是复合词 ,其复数形式为Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾 +S, 应选 A. 13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be 解析 : team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组 ) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复 数), 此题意为后者, 因此选 B。 14. “ Would you like _?” “ _

18、, please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees 解析 : drink 和 coffee 是不可数名词, 可以用 of 来表示数量 , eg, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示“ 一杯 ” 因此选 C。 15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth

19、 and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions 解析： earth 是不可数名词，因此删除B D, 数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选 A。 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 选择最佳答案： 1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B.

20、 children, life C. children, lives D. child, life 2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother 3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Clas

21、s C. Class Three D. Three class 4. Today is September 10 th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers 5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride. A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half

22、 6. - What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please. A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees 7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. Some _ are flying kites near the river. A.

23、child B. boy C. boys D. childs 学习必备欢迎下载 9. After the exam, well have_ holiday. A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks 10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus. A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors 11.- How many workers are there in your factory? - There are two _.

24、A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of 12. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book D. animal 13. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. ground 14. _ comes from shee

25、p and some people like eating it A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk 15. If you dont take more _, youll get fat. A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise 16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here. A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes 17. Mum, I have _ to tell you! A. a good news B. som

26、e good news C. some good newes D. much good news 18. Which is the _ to the post office? A. street B. way C. road D. address 19. I stayed at _ last Sunday. A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family 20. Maths _ not easy to learn. A. are B. is C. am D. were 1-5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 A

27、BBCD 16-20 BBBCB 冠词 冠词分为不定冠词 (a, an )和定冠词(the) 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！ 一、不定冠词的用法 1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如： She is a girl. Pass me an apple , please. 2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如： A boy is waiting for you We work six days a week. 3). 表示“ 一” 这个数量 ,但数的概念没有one 强烈 .例如 : We are going to have an English lesson

28、tomorrow. I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears. 学习必备欢迎下载 4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如 : a few, a little, a lot of 注: 用 a 还是 an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头. 二、定冠词的用法 1) 特指某 (些)人或某 (些)物.例如 : the photo of the boy 2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如 : -Where are the new books, Jim? - They are on the small table. 3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如

29、: Today he is making a machine. He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane. 4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如 : The sun is bigger than the moon. 5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如 : The first truck is carrying a few baskets. The third one is carrying the fewest of all. 6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如 : the Great

30、Wall the North Street Hospital 7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如 : in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the left(right) at the end of 三、不用冠词的情况 1）在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如： China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk 2）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如： The letter is in her pocket. I think the shop is closed at this

31、 time of day. 3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如： My father and mother are teachers. I like cakes. 4）在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如： It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.) Today is Mid-Autumn Day. It is cold in winter. 5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如： Uncle Wang likes making things. What colour are Mrs Green s shoes? 6）在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如： He wen

32、t to school after breakfast. Can you play basketball? 注：在某些固定词组中，如：at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。 学习必备欢迎下载 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. _ milk is food. _ milk in this cup has gone bad. 2. -Do you like playing _ football? -Yes. But I have only _ basketball. 3. Do you know _girl on _another side of _

33、 lake? 4. There s _ “ u” and _ “ s” in _work “ use”. 5. She says _animals cant s live without _air, either. 6. His father, who is _honest man, is teaching in _ university. 7. Which is heavier, _elephant or _ horse? 8. _ cold wind was blowing from the north. 9. He is always ready to help _ old and _

34、young. 10. _ Greens are traveling in _ South China. 11. Although _ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink _most are _ least healthy. 12.Xiaomei saw _ interesting film last night. _ film was about _ kind doctor. 13. You can have _ second try if you fail _ first time. 14. Tom went to _ school

35、as usual, but he didn t know his father went to _school for a parent meeting. 15. _ knowledge begins with _ practice. 解析： /, the (milk 是物质名词，一般不用冠词，但后面加上一个定语in the cup 后， 使其成为特指，所以需要用定冠词the.) 2. / , the (球类运动前不用the ; 指一个物体要用不定冠词a ) 3. the,/, the ( 特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语another;) 4. a, an, the ( “ u” 发音以

36、辅音开头所以用a; “ s” 发音以元音开头所以用an; 特指这个单词用 the) 5. /,/ (泛指动物所以不用任何冠词; air 不可数名词，其前一般不用冠词) 6. an, the ( honest 发音以元音开头，故用an, 在大学里为in the university) 7. an, a 或 the ,the ( 不定冠词a , an 和 定冠词 the 与名词单数连用表示种类) 8. a (物质名词 coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind 等， 在表示“ 一种 ” 或“ 一场 ” 的意义时， 前面要加不定冠词。 9. the, the (

37、 形容词前加定冠词，表示一类人) 10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的复数前加定冠词the 表示一家人；在华南是in South China) 11. /, the, the ( most 当大多数讲时前面不用the；后两空均为形容词的最高级，前面要加the) 12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一个事物，第二空是特指前面提到的电影) 13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次) 14./, the (go to school 去上学，go to the school 去那所学校 ) 15./,/ (具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前，一般不用冠词) 练习与巩固：

38、熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 一、在空白处填入a / an 或 the。 学习必备欢迎下载 1. -Mum, what shall we have for _dinner? -Dumplings. -Oh, what _ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much. 2. _ PLA was founded on _August 1 st,1927 3. _ Kings came to us at _ noon. 4. The scientists from _ United States live in _ Ninth Street. 5. The doctor

39、to him, “ Take _ medicine twice _day. Stay in _ bed and you ll be better soon.” 6. September 10 th is _ Teachers Day. 7. Mr Black arrived here on _ Tuesday morning. 8. There are four seasons in _year. _ first season is spring. It is _ best one of _ four. 9. Some people have been to _moon, in _ space

40、ship. 10. _ China is _ old country with _ long history 答案 1. /, a 2. the, / 3.the , / 4. the, the 5. the, a, / 6. / 7. / 8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, / 10/,an,/ a 二、选择填空：A. / B. a C. an D. the 1.They are living _happy life now. 2._bag on _desk is mine. 3.There is _empty box on the table. 4.Do you lik

41、e _music of the film “ Titanic”? 5.On _Saturday, I stay in _bed till 12:00. 6._Browns have been to China twice. 7.Don t make any noise in _class. 8.This is such _interesting story that you must listen to it. 9.Next week they will go to Australia by _air. 10. Which is bigger, _sun or _moon? Key: 1-5

42、BDCDA 6-10 DACAD 三、在空白处填入a / an 或 the。 1. This morning I bought _ newspaper and _ magazine. _ newspaper is in my bag but I don t know where I put _ magazine. 2. I saw _ accident this morning. _ car crashed into _ tree. _ driver of _ car wasn t hurt but _ car was badly damaged. 3. There are two cars

43、parked outside: _ blue one and _ grey one. _ blue one is my neighbour s; I don t know who _ owner of _ grey one is. 4. My friends live in _ old house in _ small village. There is _ beautiful garden behind _ house. I would like to have _ garden like that. 1a ,a, The the 2.an, a, a, The ,the, the 3. A

44、, a, the the, the 4. an, a, a, the, a 代词 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！ 学习必备欢迎下载 一、代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、 反身代词、 指示代词、 疑问代词、 连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。 二、代词的用法 1 人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示“ 我” “你” “他” “我 们” “你们 ” “他们 ” 。请看下表： 数 格 人 称 单数复数 主格宾格主格宾格 第一人称we me we us 第二人称you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her it it

45、(1)人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher. (2)宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don t want me to go there alone. Don t worry. I can look after her. (3)宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：- Who s that? - It s me. 注意：人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如： You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。 人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中，表示强调。例如：

46、 It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。 人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如： The ship is leaving. She s on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。这时她第一次去 波士顿。 We love our country, we hope she ll be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国，我 们希望她越来越强大。 It 作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如： It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10 公里。 It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的 -ing, 形式或主语从句构 成的真正的主语或宾语，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is good for you taking