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1、实用文档 文案大全 which that 就近与跳跃修饰 which 的用法 1、WHICH非限 1.which指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which指代 0（svo,which 指代 s 一定错！） 2.which指代主句主语s:s+verb,which （1） 介词+which= 连词 1.s+verb(+o)+prep+which 2.s+verb(+o),prep+which 区别介词+that= 名词 I will buy this book because from that I study a lot.( 有 because 作 为连接词，不用“介词+which ”结构连接
2、) I will buy this book from which I study a lot.（无连接词，需要用“介 词+which ”结构连接） which 指代的三种情况： 1、 紧邻修饰 一般情况下， “ 名词，which” 中的 which 是就近修饰紧邻的名 词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。 一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which” （注：这里的 of 表示从属关系 ） 1， The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be 实用文档 文案大全 o
3、pen to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue. 2,Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants
4、, gladitorial games, and spectacles. Flavian Amphitheatre： 福雷维安圆形剧场 3，In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting
5、. thromboxane 生化凝血噁烷， 凝栓质，血栓素。 阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷 prostacyclin n.【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素, 4，The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as ag
6、ricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming., 5，In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment,
7、using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms., 这些例子都能说明 从属关系 “A of B ，which” 中的 which 就近 修饰紧邻的名词 B。但是需要注意的是，在“ SVO,which”句 型中，如果 which 指代 S一定错误， which 如果指代主语， 实用文档 文案大全 这样使用 :s+verb, which 2、 跳跃
8、修饰 在前有 “ 核心词 +介词、分词等修饰结构 ” 或者插入语的情况 下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。 下面是几个例子： From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar , which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that
9、a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids. (A) baggage so light (B) baggage being so light (C) baggage, yet being so light (D) baggage, and so light (E) baggage yet was so light 答案： E 这句话的 which 离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe 很远，中间 隔了一个插入语， 还隔了个介词结构about，但只要知道核 心词是 canoe 就能一目了然找到which 应该指的是什么。这 里不能修
10、饰紧邻的名词cedar。 OG12-26 Emily Dickinsons letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans 实用文档 文案大全 marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else. A,Dickinson were written over a per
11、iod beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumbering B,Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ended shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumber C,Dickinson
12、, written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and that ends shortly before Emily s death in 1886and outnumbering D,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother, ending shortly before Emilys death i
13、n 1886, and outnumbering E,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumber 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词Susan Huntington Dickinson，必须跳过介词结构to ，修饰核心词 letter 。 Unlike most other mergers in the
14、utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend 实用文档 文案大全 companies service areas, the merger of the nation s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility marke
15、ts to competition. 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry ， 必须 跳过介词结构 in ，修饰核心词 merger 。 In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colonys borders.
16、 这里的 which 不能修饰紧邻的 1698，必须跳过介词结构of 1968 修饰前面的核心词act。 One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut Glut n. （商品）供过于求；大量 The Forbidden City i
17、n Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of death. 有人这里会说这不是A of B，which 吗？which 应该紧邻修饰 实用文档 文案大全 啊？其实不然，因为 of 1968 和前面的那些 A of B 实际上用 法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“ 从属关系 ” 。这个时间应 该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。 on pain of 违者以
18、 论处 OG12SC107 Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology. (A) Originally developed for de
19、tecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance
20、without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission (C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (D) A technique originally d
21、eveloped for detecting air 实用文档 文案大全 pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it, (E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to a
22、nalyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission, 答案（ A） 答案中 which 发生跳跃指代， 而且 emission 不处于介词短语 中，这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须 跳过分词修饰结构called ，修饰核心词 technique 。 注 意 这 不 是SVO,which指 代S了 而 是called proton-induced
23、 X-ray emission分词形式做后置修饰定语。 GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10 Marconi s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience. A,Marconi s conception of the radio was as a subst
24、itute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is B,Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is 实用文档 文案大全 C,Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telep
25、hone; instead, it has become D,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become E,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is, 答案为 C。 B 为啥不好？ 因为选 B 会有
26、 which 修饰 telephone 的错误， which 应该修饰 radio 的。虽然 which 可以跳跃， 但是 逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候，应该是就近优先的 ，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作，跳跃也难 保不会被判错，所以 尽可能不跳跃修饰 。GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的which，which 跳跃是可 以接受的， 但是正确选项中很少出现过which 跳跃修饰的情况， 几乎都被其他结构替代了， 这说明如 果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的which ，因为可能 有歧义 。 C 可以避免歧义， it 一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语， 如果主语是人或者复数不
27、能指代， 则指代宾语 ，我不知道这题的radio 还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于 一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。 目前只见过 A of B/A in B ，which 可以指代 A，主要都发生在介词短语中。A 选项可以我理解是因为 CALLED从句表达的只是 tech 的另一个名字而已， 本质上是同一东西， 指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。 目 前我找到的 which 强悍地跳跃， 无视前面的名词的非常少， 而且基本都不出现在选项中， 都是未画线 部分。但是，可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃，当which 前面有很多个名词的时候，不是只要有一个正 确，which 就会自动地正确地指代
28、到那个词的。相反，GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好 不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分which 的指代词。 归纳一下，会发现which 之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其 原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which 的内容太 长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后 置了。 3、 特别情况A and B, which 这个 which 到底修饰谁呢？是A？是 B？还是 A and B？ 实用文档 文案大全 我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。 如果 A and B 中的 B 为复数（Bs） ， which 后面动词也是复数， which
29、 指代会有歧义，让人不知道which 到底指的是什么。 As and Bs, which are (which 指 Bs? 或 which 指 As and Bs？) A and Bs, which are (which指 Bs？或 which 指 A and Bs？) 下面情况没有歧义： 如果 A 和 B 都是单数，which 后面动词复数，没有歧义，which 修饰 A and B。 如果 B 是单数（不管 A 是单数还是复数），which 后面动词也 是单数，没有歧义， which 修饰 B。 如果 B 是复数（不管 A 是单数还是复数）则必须要用which together ，没有歧义
30、，这时which 修饰 A and Bs。 举两个例子： The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of centr
31、al exchange. Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity. 实用文档 文案大全 其实 which 的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断 which 指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，
32、但是在实战中有 个别 GMAT题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小 结还是必要的。 OG12-SC10 10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot. (A) which kept (B) that keeps (C) which has kept (D) that has been keeping
33、 (E) having kept 答案 B，In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the convention that which can only be used for nonrestrictive clauses, but insistence on this rule is controversial, and both (A) and (C) can be rejected on other grounds. Scientists have observed large
34、concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments , which are consistent with the growth 实用文档 文案大全 of industrial activity there. (A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there (B) Baltic Sea sediments, where th
35、e growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings (C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity (D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area (E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consiste
36、nt with the growth of industrial activity there 波罗的海 答案 D 为啥 A 不对？ which是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的，但是不能 跳过谓语动词。 “svo,which指代 s 一定错！”但这题中which 跳跃多远都不对， 这里 WHICH 是指代前面整个句子的意思， 而这在 GMAT中是一定错的。sediments are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there逻辑意思有错误， 只有 finding ，result ，means，forms 之类的 抽象名词才能 b
37、e consistent with , 某个具体的东西不行。 that 用法： 适用范围 （1）不定代词为先行词 （2）any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many为先行词 （3） “人 +物”为先行词 序数词为先行词 实用文档 文案大全 最高级为先行词 例句： The boy and the bike that are in the room （4）the only, the very, the most为先行词（注意，the 不可省略） 1.定语从句： a. subject+verb.+object+that +verb.+obje
38、ct ， that 就近指代修饰离that最近的名词 2.定语从句中出现后置定语（介词短语分词） S+verb+O+(prep+C)+that+verb.+object S+verb+O+that+verb+O+(prep+c) 3.that 不能指代 “ 人物” 4,sth that and that(that不可省略 ) OG85 . Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that
39、flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. (A) that flurished at the same time as the civilizations (B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations (C) that flourished at the same time those had (D) flourish
40、ing at the same time as those did (E) flourishing at the same time as those were 答案 A 0G12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that , in turn, create unconscious physiological responses. (A) that , in turn, create unconscio
41、us physiological responses (B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn (C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses (D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious (E) who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn 答案 A，that跳跃一个介宾结构修饰react
42、ions 这题有意思的地方还在于E 干扰选项 ,who 紧跟在 individual 后面，出题机构现在变得很阴险喽,如果不去理解逻辑意思只是快速看语法修饰，很容易误 选 E 所以也验证了很多同学说的，现在语法比以前更倾向于从句子逻辑角度出题考 实用文档 文案大全 prep 语法-6 题 that 就近指代Aof B,that 指代 B The list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expa
43、nded to include the lower vertebrates. (A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include (B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes (C) exhib
44、it a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include (D) exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include (E) exhibit the preference as to either using the right or t
45、he left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes 这个 that 修饰谁呢？答案D！that 是修饰 animals 只有动物才会 exhibit a preference of either using the right or the left hand ，list 怎么会 exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand 呢 GWD31-24-41. In California, a lack of genetic v
46、ariation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely; due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits the spread of this species in it
47、s native Argentina. A. due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits B. due to its being so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to b
48、e a close relative and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit C. because it is so genetically similar, the ant considers all its fellows to be close relatives and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits D. because they are so
49、genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit E. because of being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits 答案 D不是直接考 that 指代， 它考到了谓语单复数问题， that 这里的指代 the kind of fierce intercolony struggles 名词词组 ,所以 limit 用单数 . because of 与 due to 问题 记住 because of 后面不能跟动词以及具有动词功能的动名词, 而 due to=be caused by 基本上 gmat