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1、2011 年高考英语试题考点分项解析阅读理解分类汇编之科普知识类 （2011湖南卷） C A recent study of ancient and modern elephant has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct ( 不同的)species The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard University when they were examing the g
2、enetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon modern elephantsthe Asian elepphant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant. Once they obastain DNA sequences （序列） from two fossils（化石） ,mammoths and mastodons, the team comparted them with DNA from modern elephants.
3、They found their amazement that mordern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several millio
4、n years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists. There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scient
5、ific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populationgs of the same species, despite the elephants significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder h
6、eight of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an averate shoulder double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so differrent does not neccssarily mean they are different species. However the prooflay in the analysisi of the DNA. Alfried Roca, assitant professor in the De
7、partment of Animal Sciences at t he University of Illinois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two difficult units for conservation purpose. Since 1950, all Afican elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants have been d
8、istinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority（优先） for conservation purposes.” 66.One of the fossiles studied by the researchers is that of . A. the Asian elephant B. the forest elephant C. the savanna elephant D. the maslodon elephant 67. The underlined word “divergence” in Pa
9、ragraph 4 means “. ” A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination 68. The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants. A. DNA B. height C. weight D. population 69. What are Alfred Rocas words mainly about? A. The conservation of Afican elephant B. The purpose of s
10、tudying Afican elephant C. The way to divide Afican elephants into two units D. The renson for the distinction of African elephants 70.Which of the following can be the best tille for the passage? A. Naturalist Beliefs about Elephants B. Amazing Experiments about Elephants C. An Unexpected Finding a
11、hout Elephants D. A Long Scientifif Debate about Elephants 【文章大意】本文为说明文。最近的一项研究表明非洲大象被分为两种截然不同的物种。 66.D 细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句Once they obtained DNA sequences（序列） from two fossils(化石 )，mammoths and mastodons 可知答案为D。 67.C 词义猜测题。前面一句讲到了这两种大象分离成不同的物种已有数百万年了，由此 可判断 divergence在此是“分离”之意。 68.A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可
12、知研究人员的结论是在检测非洲大象 DNA 的基础上得出来的。 69.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知Alfred Roca 的话主要讲的是对不同的非洲大 象要分别采取不同的保护措施。 70.C 主旨大意题。根据本文的主题句（第一段）可知选C。 （2011江西卷） D Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resource
13、s be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked. Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup(基因构成 ) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible area
14、s and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible. Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be
15、identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects. Exploration also allows minerals and other potential ( 潜在的 ) resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. R
16、esources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake predi
17、ction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品 ) of technological developments in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist. While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the ex
18、ploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to s
19、urvive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist. While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life a
20、nd cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. 71. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1? A. To express his doubts. B. To compare different ideas. C. To introduce points for discussion. D. To describe the conditions on Earth. 72. What is the reason for explori
21、ng space based on Paragraph2? A. Humans are nature-born to do so. B. Humans have the tendency to fight. C. Humans may find new sources of food. D. Humans don t like to stay in the same place. 73. The underlined word “spin -offs ” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to_. A. survival chances B. potential r
22、esources C. unexpected benefits D. physical possessions 74. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets? A. Our genetic makeup. B. Resources on the earth C. The adaptive ability of humans. D. By-products in space exploration. 75. Which of the statements can best sum un the passage? A.
23、 Space exploration has created many wonders. B. Space exploration provided the best value for money. C. Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth. D.Space exploratino may help us avoid potential problem on Earth. 【文章大意】 人类为什么要探寻太空的奥妙？为什么在探索之路上花去如此多的时间、金 钱和精力？本文作者将为你解答。 （2011江苏卷
24、） C According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year.Unfortunately,the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway,however,could help put
25、them anywhere. The project, called Hywind,is the worlds first large-scale deepwater wind turbine( 涡轮发电机 ).Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton, 2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see picture),a te
26、chnology Hywinds creator,the Norwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down
27、in the wav es.Hywind s stability(稳定性 )in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September. To pro
28、duce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but its difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spars to design a new kind of wind turb
29、ine, one whose gearbox( 变速箱 ) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture ) Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offsh
30、ore windmills are planted. Deep-sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planets surface to one of the best low-carbon power sources available. 63. The Hywind project uses totally new te
31、chnology to ensure the stability of _. A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor B. the spar which is floating in deep-sea water C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface 64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar
32、, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting _. A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top C. at sea level D. behind the blades 65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can _. A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills B. make financial profits by produc
33、ing more turbines C. settle the arguments about environmental problems D. explore low-carbon power resources available at sea 【语篇解读】本篇为科普类文章。介绍了涡轮发电机的构造及工作原理。 63. 答案 B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第三句话“a floating spar, a technolgoy Hywinds creator”，其中 a technology Hywinds creator是 spar的同位语，因此B 正确。 64 答案 C 【解析】 细节
34、理解题。 根据第三段最后一句话“, o ne whose gearbox sits at sea level rather than behind the blades”可知 C 正确。 62. 答案 D 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话“If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planets surface to one of the best low-carbon power sources available.”可知 D 正确。 （2011湖北卷） B Howling is a behavi
35、or commonly observed among a wolf park. An animals, wolves work together to hunt and rely on howling was an important means of communication each other. There are different explants of a wolfs howl and it appears that there may be more to discover. One theory is that wolves howl to bend better toget
36、her. Its almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together . But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, a professor who studies wolf behavior. Indeed, there have b
37、een tines when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a exhorts, and the next, quarreling anions each other. It appears that usually the lowest-tanking menthes of the pack may actually be “punished ” for Joining in the churs at times. So is howling a way to strcagthen a social boad or just a wa
38、y to reconfirm status among its members? Why do welves howl for sure? What is cleat, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that woloves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appcars to be a
39、n ercellent means of gathering. Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behaviour. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occat in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sotr of “roll rall ”where wolves all howl togeter to howl, very likely others will
40、 follow. This is often seen to occar in the morning, as if wolves were doing w some sotr of “roll call ” where wolves all howl together to repotr their pteence. 55.What the possible similarity between wolveshowling together and human sing in chorus? A.The act of calling each other. B.the sense of ac
41、complishment. C.The act of hunting for something. D.The sense of belonging to a group. 56.Why does Harrington think the “secial boad”theory may be wrong? A.Wolves separate from each other after howling. B.Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds. C.Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling to
42、gether. D.Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus. 57.Reseatchers are sure that wolves often howl to_. A.show their ranks B.find their companion C.report the missing ones D.express their lonelingess 58.“Howling is a contagious behaviour”(in the last paragraph)means_. A.howling is a s
43、ignal for hunting B.howling is a way of communication C.howling aften occurs in the morning D.howling spreads from one to another （2011湖北卷） E Which are you more likely to have wath you at sny given mementyour cell phone or your wallet? Soon you may be able to throw your wallet away and pay for thing
44、s with a quick wave of your smart phone over an electroue scannet. In January, Starbucks announced that customers could start using their phones to buy coffee in 6,800 of its states. This is the first pay-by-phone practice in the U.S., but we re likely to see more witeless payment alternatives as so
45、mething called ucar field communcation(NFC)GETS IN TO America s consumet electanies. Last Deccmbet some new smart phanes which cantain an NFC chip were introduced to the public. Already in use in part of Asia and Europe, NFC allows shoppers to wave theie phones a few inchs above a payment terminal-a
46、 contact-free system build for speed and convenience. plan a few incees live a payment tetminal a one a few ptaht need to be worked out, like who will get to collect the profitable trunsacian(交易 )fees. Although some credit card providers have been experimenting with wave and pay systems that use NFC
47、 enabled credit cards, cellphone service providers truay try to mused their way into the point of sale (POS)market. Three big cell phone service providers have formed a joinf tenture(合资企业 )that will go into opention over the next 15 months. Its goal is “to lead the U.S. payments industry from cards
48、to mobile phone.” The other big NFC sue, apart from how paymeats will be processed, is security, For instance, what s to stop a thief from digitally pickpocketing you? “We re still not at the point where an attacker can just brush against yee in a crowd and steal all the money out of your phone,”say
49、s Jimmy Shah. A mobile security rescarcher, “Usera may also be able to set transaction timeits,requiring a password to be enteced for larger putchases. Bus siness? Keep in mund you lost your smart phone, it can be located on a located on a map and remotely disabled. Plus, your phone can be password protected, Your wallet isn t. 67.What is predicted to happen in the U.S.? A.The expansion of cellphone companices. B. The boom of pay-by-phone business. C. The dissppearanceof credit cards. D. The increase of Starbu