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1、2009 高考英语语法最后30 天精讲精练 名词、数词、冠词 一、名词 1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题： 名词的数：单数、复数和不可数； 名词的格：通格和属格（ s ） 名词的限定：特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法，即名词前加冠词或 其它限定词，例如：some, many , this, my 等 2、名词的数和单位词： 1）复型名词+ 复数动词 The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair. 备用词：shoes, stockings, glasses, socks NOTICE:A pair of glasses
2、 costs quite a lot. 2）复型名词+ 单数动词 A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying. 备用词： mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States B. Twenty miles isa long way to walk. 备用词：five pounds, two feet, six weeks 3) 集合名词+ 复数名词 The police havesurrounded the building. Cattle areselling for record
3、price ( 创记录） . 备用词：the enemy, (the) people NOTICE:表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用， 但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数: My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me. The familywhich now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be. 4)不可数名词作可数的情况 A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况 a (an) + adj. + n. It looks like rain
4、. a thirsty for knowledge (求知欲） a heavy rainHe has a good knowledge of politics. 备用词：snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education B.口语特例（特定场合） A (One) beer, please. Two teas and four coffees, please. 5)既是可数又是不可数的名词 I broke a glass this morning. (杯子） Glass is made from sand. （玻璃） 备用词：paper / a paper, light(
5、光) / a light(灯); ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌 ), chicken(鸡肉 ) / a chicken (雏鸡 ) 6) 单位词 A. 个数 a piece of information (furniture, advice ) B. 以形状表示个数 a grain of rice, a flight of stairs C. 容量 a box of matches, a cup of tea D. 计量 a metre of cloth, a ton of coal E.其它 a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules) 3
6、、名词的格： 1） s 的用法 A . 与时间有关的名词 a nights sleep ten minuteswalk NOTICE:a two-hour walk = two hourswalk B. 和else 连用 book can this be? A. Who else s B. Whose else C. Whos else D. Whose elses (A) C. s 修饰的词，如果前面提到，可省略 This is Jacks book, not Toms. This book is Jack s not Toms. D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等， s 后面的名词省略 at t
7、he Greens (house), at the doctors (office) 2) OF 结构表示所有关系 A. 无生命的名词用of the price of the success B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you? 3)双重所有格 s 与 of 结构并用，此时of 结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that 等 Miss Smith is a friend of Mary s mother s. that brother of the
8、 girl 4)名词+ 名词（名词用作形容词） A. 单数名词名词a shoe (flower) shop ticket office NOTICE: the tailors (shop) B. 复数名词名词 sports meet clothes shop women pilots 二、数词 1、数词在使用时应注意的问题： 易错数词： 年月日及介词 计算用词 和数字相关的词 2、综合 1) 数字表达：123,856,709 one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hun
9、dred and nine 2) 年月日in the morning; on the morning of September 1; in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September) 3、计算 Six and five is (are) eleven. Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty. Four from seven is (leaves) three. Six hundred minus one hundred equals fi
10、ve hundred. X16 x 11 = 176 Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six. 9 3 = 3 Nine divided by three equals three. 4、dozen, score A. three dozen eggs; three dozen ofthese eggs; dozens of eggs B. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times 5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问
11、题 分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定如果 是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式；如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形 式 More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses. 70 percent od the fund(资金 ) was supplied by the Government. 6、“一个半”的表达法 one pound and a half ,one and a half years 三、冠词 、冠词应注意的问题 习惯用法 同一名词前不同名词的比较 、不定冠词 1) 成
12、对的名词（此类名词间常有一种自然的联系） a knife and fork 2) a most + n. “ 非常 “This is a most beautiful country. 3) a (an) 与 one 之区别 A. 数字对比用one It was one coffee we ordered, not two. B. 对比A knife is no good.(刀子不行） One knife is no good.(一把刀子不行） C. 通用a (one) million, a (one) quarter 4) a (an) 与 every 之比较 : three times a
13、 year; twice every three years 5) 惯用法A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress ! quite a nice day rather a good idea such a funny expression B. too cold a day How lovely a dress! so strange a person as good a map as 3、定冠词 1）普通名词组成的专有名词the Great Wall the Summer Palace 2）江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾the Pacific (O
14、cean) 3）the + adj. (-ing; -ed) A. 指一类人，谓语用复数 The old are being taken good care of. B. 指一类事，谓语用单数 The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 4）用在 radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象（rain） 、身体 部位前He hates the telephone. 5）被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前 The boy who you are looking for (in blue, th
15、ere, standing there, dressed in blue ) is a student. 4、零冠词 1）街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等 National Day Nanjing Road 2）职位充当补语、同位语时 He was elected headmaster of the school. 3）成对出现的成语 arm in arm ( 手挽手 ), hand in hand (手牵手 ), face to face, side by side(肩并肩 ), day and night, young and old, from door to door
16、, from morning till night, from beginning to end 5、冠词比较 1)go to school (hospital, church); in prison ( 强调用途） go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身） 2) Ill go there next Friday.(以说话时间为准） In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准） 3) by air (plane, boat) in a spaceship ( on the
17、bike, on the bus) 4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指 ) The air in the room is not fresh. (特指 ) 5) be at tablebe at the table 6) a cup of coffeeTwo coffees , please. I like white coffee . This is a very good coffee . The coffee on the table is Tom s. 7) Mr. White is waiting to see you. A Mr.
18、 White is waiting to see you. The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you. 8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. 9) the best season of the yearthe best time of year EXERCISES 1 （单选） 1.-Id like information about the management of your hote
19、l, please. -Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful. A. some, a B. an, some C. some, some D. an, a 2. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to have a . A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice 3. He dropped the and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. c
20、up for coffee D. coffee cup 4. There are only twelve in the hospital. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. women doctor D. woman doctor 5. -How many does a cow have? -Four. A. stomaches B. stomach C. stomachs D.stomachines 6. The of the building are covered with lots of . (AADBCA) A. roofs, leaves B
21、.rooves, leafs C. roof, leaf D.roofs, leafs 7.That was a fifty engine. A. horse power B. horses power C. horse powers D. horses powers 8. -How far away is it from here to your school? -It s about . A. half an hour s drive B. half hours drives C. half an hour drives D. half an hour drive 9. Last week
22、 I called at my . A. aunt B. aunts C. aunt s D. aunts s 10. You ll find this map of great in helping you to get round London. A. price B. cost C. usefulness D. value 11. Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876. A.不填B. a C. the D.one 12. -Where s Jack ? -I think he s still in bed but he migh
23、t just be in bathroom. A.不填，不填B. the, the C. the, 不填D. 不填，the (AACDCD) 13. Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public places. A. the, the B. 不填，不填 C. the, 不填D.不填，the 14.She is newcomer to chemistry bust she has already made some important discoveries. A. the, the B. the, 不填C. a
24、, 不填D. a, the 15. -Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning. -Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a 16. Paper money was in use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in thirteenth centry. A. the, 不填B. 不填 , the C. the, the D. 不填 , 不填 17.The w
25、armth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used. A. the, the B. the, 不填C. 不填 , the D.不填 , 不填 18.Summers in south of France are for most part dry and sunny. A. 不填 , a B. the, 不填C. 不填 , 不填D. the, the (CCCBBD) 19 A rough estimate, Nigeria is_ Great Britain. （ 05 上海卷）( D) A. three
26、 times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of 20 He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at its best when he worked with others. （05 上海卷）(D) A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character 21 I am sure David will be
27、able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction. （05 浙 江卷） (D) A idea B feeling Cexperience Dsense 22 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_. （05 天津卷）(C) A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind 23My _ of this weekend s activity is going out with some good friends. （0
28、5 安徽卷）(A) A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought 24The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _ all over the country. （05 辽宁卷）(B) Acompanies Bbranches C organizations Dbusinesses 25 It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey. （05 北京春）（C） A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a t
29、hree-hour D. three hours 26 Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. （08 山东）A. 不填； a B. 不填； the C. the; the D. the; a D the internet 表示一类事物，a resource表示是资源的一种。 EXERCISES 2 (改错，每句一个错） 1.After one year hard work, the Senior Three students have already pre- pared themselves for th
30、e entrance exam. ( year s) 2. More and more middle-aged people in the West have heart s trouble, which results from high-fat food they like to eat. (heart) 3. You can get your library card in the teacher reading-room, which is on the second floor. (teachers ) 4. His hairs looked disordered, with som
31、e gray hair on his forehead. (hairs- 第二个 ) 5.Now I eat more fruits and vegetables than I used to. My favorite fruits are apples, bananas and grapes. (fruit- 第一个 ) 6. The lady entered a room, opened windows to let the fresh air in, and sat down in an armchair to have a rest. ( the windows) 7.Miss Nor
32、a is young, nice, kind and active. She is the teacher young students like. ( a teacher) 8.They elected him the captain of the school football team for a second time. (captain , 去掉 the ) 9.He is fond of playing chess while his sister is fond of playing piano. ( the piano) 10. No human being can chang
33、e the law of the nature, though they can change their own lives. (nature, 去掉 the) 代词 一、人称代词 1、多个人称代词的排列顺序： you and I he and I you and he you, he and I you, they and we(情况多 ) 2、It 的用法 代替 this, that Thats a book, isnt it ? 做某动作的人或婴儿 -Someone is coming. Who can it be ? -It may be Jack. It s a lovely ba
34、by. Is it a boy or a girl? 表示时间、距离、自然现象 It s 20 miles to (from) Paris. 3、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况： 肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so: think, hope, believe, I m afraid, It seems (appears), etc. -Is it true that he had a heart attack? -Im afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so. 否定答语中用not: -Has Anne got into university?
35、 -I m afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not. 协力动词中也可以用notso: believe, think, suppose, expect, etc I dont believe so. / I dont think so. do 代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时， do 后常用 so / it: -Please lay the table. -Ive just done so (it). 二、指示代词 that, one, it 的区别 one 代替可数名词，表示泛指; the one 表示特指 ; that 代替不可数名 词
36、，表示特指 ; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it 指前面提到的 同一事物。 There is an old engineer and a young one here. His attitude to me is that of a friend. Ive lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?) the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones Ill try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that whi
37、te one. the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句 The boy in your class is taller than the onein our class. The skirt (that) she made herself is more beautiful to wear than the one(that) she bought last year. one 不能代替前面提到的不可数名词 Dont use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用fresh one) those , ones These machines are
38、better than those we made last year. -I d like a pound of apples. -Which ones ? -The red (ones). -Why don t we take a little break ? -Didn t we just have ? (NMET2000) A. it B. that C. one D. this (C) 三、物主代词 1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语，不能作定语 This is my cup. Yours is the one thats green. These things are mine
39、. Those are theirs. 2、名词性物主代词与of 结构连用 That brother of yours looks healthy. He is an old friend of mine. 3、下列结构用the 代替物主代词 He pulled Jack by the hair (arm). He was wounded in the leg. He was blind in the right eye. 四、反身代词 1、加强语气（可前可后） The headmaster spoke to me himself. The headmaster himself spoke t
40、o me. Tom felt that he knew everybody s business better than they knew it . A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself (NMET 1996) (A) 2、 own： 反身代词无所有格形式，用own 表达 ： Id love to have my own room / a room of my own. 五、不定代词 1、 every each every 指时间 : every other day, every three days = every third day
41、each放在复数主谓语之间: We each have a book. each放在句尾 : She gave her children an apple each. 2、 some- any- every- no- 作单数看 : Is there anyone here who is a doctor? 不与of 连用 : 不说someone of; no one of. etc 可说some one of; none of, etc. adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on ? else: This isn t mine
42、. It s someone elses. 3、 some any 表示请求、建议的问句用some Would you like some (more) coffee ? some + n.(singl.) You will realize it some day . any 在肯定句中表示任何一个（无论哪个） Any child can answer that. Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do. any (some) of 限定词n. some of the oil , any of my water 4、 both all 常用于助动词或情
43、感动词后，但在简答中放在前面 The girls are both ready. - Are you ready ? - Yes, we both (all) are. 放在作宾语的宾格代词后面 He gave some to us all (both). all 单独用，指人时谓语用用复数；指物时谓语用单数 All is lost. All are here. 5、 either neither eitheror; neithernor 作主语，谓语的使用是邻近原则 Neither he nor I am going to London. 作定语，修饰单数名词 Neither (Either
44、) book is satisfactory. 6、 another (the) other (the) others another另外的，另一个的 Please show me another (one). Do you need another cup ? another 基数词 (few) n. I need another three days . (three more days) (the) other ( n.) (the) other the other six (persons) / the others/ the other day 7、 (a) few (a) litt
45、le few 的搭配 We had a good few letter this morning( 很多 ). Not a few letters were written to the magazines. ( 不少 ) -How many do you want ? -Just a few, please. (不多 ) quite a few (相当多） only a few(只有几个，几乎没有） little 的搭配 Theres only a little soup left. -How much do you want ? -Just a little, please. 8、 muc
46、h many (much /far) too much far too many Your son got much (far) too much pocket money. There are far too many accidents at this crossing. much 修饰形容词和副词的比较级或最高级 比较级不可数名词 Theres much / far less water in the river than usual. many 修饰 “ 比较级+ 可数名词复数 ” There are many / far more people than I expected. 9、
47、全部否定与部分否定 全部否定用词 neither nothing no one nobody none not 与 all, both, every, every- 连用时表示部分否定 Not all his work is successful. EXERCISE 1 (单选 ) 1 I agree with most of what you said, but I don t agree with . A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing 2. Sarah has read lots of stories by American
48、 writers. Now she would like to read stories by writers from countries. A. some, any B. other, some C. some, other D. other, other 3. I hate when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. these D. them 4. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I cant remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that 5. -Are the new rules working ? -Yes. books are stolen. A. Few B. More C. Some D. None 6. Few pleasures can equal of a cool drink on a hot day. A. some B. that C. any D. those 7. -Why don t we take a little break ? - Didn t we just have ? A. it B. one C. that