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1、Literature Review of Moby Dick Studies IntroductionHerman Melville is a typical American writer who was recognized after death. It has been almost 100 years since Melville Revival in 1920s, and there are many stuy on Moby Dick in home and aboard from various angles. This paper attempts to summarize
2、critics from various journals, which focus on the narrative theory, the authors attitude toward capitalism and the contradiction between PuritanismandTranscendentalism embodied in this book.Narrative TheoryThe reviewer described Moby-Dick as three books rolled into one: an encyclopaedia of sperm wha
3、le, a fiction of sea adventure, an essay collection of philosophical questioning.In terms of the non-narrative chapters,they are structured around three patterns: first, the nine meetings of the Pequod with ships that have encountered Moby Dick. Each has been more and more severely damaged, foreshad
4、owing the Pequods own fate. Second, the increasingly impressive encounters with whales. In the early encounters, the whaleboats hardly make contact; later there are false alarms and routine chases; finally, the massive assembling of whales at the edges of the China Sea in The Grand Armada. A typhoon
5、 near Japan sets the stage for Ahabs confrontation with Moby Dick. The third pattern is the cetological documentation, so lavish that it can be divided into two subpatterns. These chapters start with the ancient history of whaling and a bibliographical classification of whales, getting closer with s
6、econd-hand stories of the evil of whales in general and of Moby Dick in particular.In terms of the narrative chapters, itsnarrative architecture is an idiosyncratic variant of the bipolar observer/hero narrative, that is, the novel is structured around the two main characters, Ahab and Ishmael, who
7、are intertwined and contrasted with each other, with Ishmael the observer and narrator.In addition, one of the most distinctive features of the book is the variety of genres, such as sermons, dreams, travel account, autobiography, Elizabethan plays（inspired by Shakespeare）, and epic poetry. Moreover
8、, Ishmaels explanatory footnotes can be regard as an invented documentary genre.Attitude Toward Capitalism Melville registers the global system of capitalism as it begins to emerge in the Pacific and assert its dominance in the USA. And It was atthedawningofindustrialcapitalismthat Melville created
9、his major workMoby-Dick.That is why it may not be baseless to argue that this masterpiece should be a product depicting contradictions arising fromthedisturbing early stage of industrial capitalism.Thewhaling ship Pequod as a jointstock company is also a pioneering outpost to spread industrialcapita
10、lismto many coasts aroundtheworld. Thus, as an authoritarian manageroftheJointstock company, Ahab orchestratestheworkofthecrew intothesystematic divisionoflabor, which unwittingly amounts tothe exploitationofnatural resources. But because Ahab regards thePequod as his own private property and forces
11、 his crew into achieving his revenge rather than economic success, the business of the jointstock company Pequod ends in a devastating failure. By writing Moby Dick, Melville express his attitude toward capitalism.On the one hand, he realized a universal model of exchange based on the reciprocity of
12、 the giftwhilethoroughly ensconced within the capitalist world-economy, which is embodied in the character Ishmael. Ismael understands the power of gift exchange and strikes a gift exchange with Queequeg by worshipping an idol, and he articulates his motivations, which are ostensibly grounded in a d
13、esire to please God but actually grounded in the adoption of a universal moral to do good to others.But what is worship? to do the will of God thatis worship. And what is the will of God? to do to my fellow man what I would have my fellow man to do to me thatis the will of God. Now, Queequeg is my f
14、ellow man. And what do I wish that this Queequeg would do to me? Why, unite with me in my particular Prebyterian form of worship.Ishmaels bond with Queequeg shows the gifts power to drive peaceful relations between cultures from different world-spaces. In the logic of the novel, Queequeg serves as a
15、 synecdoche of the Pacific-world gift economy. Ishmaels acceptance of the gift bridges the gap between Atlantic and Pacific world spaces through understanding, rather than through exploitation, enslavement or colonization. This point is further depicted by a plot that Queequeg and Ishmael were tied
16、in one monkey-rope, with Ishmael on deck and the other on the back of a dead whale. In that scene, Ishmael elaborate the corporation nature of human society and capitalism .It was a humorously perilous business for both of us. For, before we proceed further, it must be said that the monkey-rope was
17、fast at both ends; fast to Queequegs broad canvas belt, and fast to my narrow leather one. So that for better or for worse, we two, for the time, were wedded; and should poor Queequeg sink to rise no more, then both usage and honor demanded, that instead of cutting the cord, it should drag me down i
18、n his wake. So, then, an elongated Siamese ligature united us. Queequeg was my own inseparable twin brother; nor could I any way get rid of the dangerous liabilities which the hempen bond entailed.So strongly and metaphysically did I conceive of my situation then, that while earnestly watching his m
19、otions, I seemed distinctly to perceive that my own individuality was now merged in a joint stock company of two; that my free will had received a mortal wound; and that anothers mistake or misfortune might plunge innocent me into unmerited disaster and death. Therefore, I saw that here was a sort o
20、f interregnum in Providence; for its even-handed equity never could have so gross an injustice. And yet still further pondering-while I jerked him now and then from between the whale and ship, which would threaten to jam him-still further pondering, I say, I saw that this situation of mine was the p
21、recise situation of every mortal that breathes; only, in most cases, he, one way or other, has this Siamese connexion with a plurality of other mortals. If your banker breaks, you snap; if your apothecary by mistake sends you poison in your pills, you die. True, you may say that, by exceeding cautio
22、n, you may possibly escape these and the multitudinous other evil chances of life. But handle Queequegs monkey-rope heedfully as I would, sometimes he jerked it so, that I came very near sliding overboard. Nor could I possibly forget that, do what I would, I only had the management of one end of it.
23、On the other hand, Melville depicts the brutality of capitalism by Pips incident.In pursuit of a whale, Pip falls out of the boat. Stubb picks him up, but warns him that next time he would not be so lucky. His reasoning: “a whale would sell for thirty times what you would, Pip, in Alabama”. Ingeniou
24、sly, Melville hinted that “ Though man loves his fellow, yet man is a money-making animal, which propensity too often interferes with his benevolence.” (Quote from Ishmael) Thus push forward a fact that capitalism is the very cause of slavery and it tends to reduce human into money-making animal. Bu
25、t if we view the ship as a microcosm for the nation, for the world, driven by the capitalist world-economy and by Ahabs monomaniacal quest then perhaps Ishmaels lone survival means something quite significant: hope for exchange based on the free reciprocity of the gift lives on. PuritanismandTransce
26、ndentalismThetranscendentalisminMoby-Dickis the combined outcome of Melvilles checkered experiences and the turbulent American society in the 19th century. At that time, the pivotal doctrine of Puritanism is to obey God and obey the fate he bestowed. In this book, Ahab is the very symbol of Jonah, y
27、et he refuse to accept the fate assigned to him by pardoning Moby Dick and live on with his born-made leg. He set to revenge God and strike though the mask.In the excerpt from Father Mapples sermon, we can see the contradiction of Puritanism and Transcendentalism been condensed into one line: If we
28、obey God, we must disobey ourselves; and it is in this disobeying ourselves, wherein the hardness of obeying God consists. As with all sinners among men, the sin of this son of Amittai was in his wilful disobedience of the command of God- never mind now what that command was, or how conveyed- which
29、he found a hard command. But all the things that God would have us do are hard for us to do-remember that- and hence, he oftener commands us than endeavors to persuade. And if we obey God, we must disobey ourselves; and it is in this disobeying ourselves, wherein the hardness of obeying God consists
30、.In his revenge of God, Ahab was pursuing a fair play to defend his dignity as a man, to show that he isnt subject to any manipulation. Moreover, he want to thrust through the wall and find who is over him and get the ultimate truth. In this way, he shows that man could transcend to Gods level.Allvi
31、sibleobjects,man,arebutaspasteboardmasks.Butineachevent-inthelivingact,theundoubteddeed-there,someunknownbutstillreasoningthingputsforththemouldingsofitsfeaturesfrombehindtheunreasoningmask.Ifmanwillstrike,strikethroughthemask!Howcantheprisonerreachoutsideexceptbythrustingthroughthewall?Tome,thewhit
32、ewhaleisthatwall,shovedneartome.SometimesIthinktheresnaughtbeyond.Buttisenough.Hetasksme;heheapsme;Iseeinhimoutrageousstrength,withaninscrutablemalicesinewingit.ThatinscrutablethingischieflywhatIhate;andbethewhitewhaleagent,orbethewhitewhaleprincipal,Iwillwreakthathateuponhim.Talknottomeofblasphemy,
33、man;Idstrikethesunifitinsultedme.Forcouldthesundothat,thencouldIdotheother;sincethereiseverasortoffairplayherein,jealousypresidingoverallcreations.Butnotmymaster,man,iseventhatfairplay.Whosoverme?Truthhathnoconfines. SummaryMoby Dick is a transcendental novels of the sea, in which he defended self-r
34、eliance, attacked conformity, and learned to employ Transcendental symbols of increasing complexity. Moreover Moby Dick is a experimental book with its remarkable matching of Transcendental idealism and with tragic drama and other creative genres in the backdrop of Americas capitalism expansion. Ref
35、erence1.魏萍白鲸中亚哈船长与白鲸之间的伦理关系 D 华中师范大学 20152.ChangsukKoh. Melvilles Reformative Discourse againstPuritanismand Social Conventions.J The Journal of English Language and Literature. 2006.pp273-305. 3.Hong, SeungHyun, Melvilles Moby-Dick and the Dawn of Industrial Capitalism, J British & American Studies
36、,2016,pp135-159.4.Doan, Caleb. From TypeesTommo to Moby-Dicks Ishmael: gift exchange in the capitalist world system J. Atlantic Studies: Literary, Cultural and Historical Perspectives. October 2016, pp206-226.5. ThetranscendentalisminMoby-Dickand its Characteristics J. The Jungang Journal of English Language and Literature,2006, pp275-2896 McLoughlin, M. Dead Letters to the New World: Melville, Emerson, and American Transcendentalism. September 02, 2003, Pages 1-170