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1、* of 49,Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.,2.1 Supply and Demand 2.2 The Market Mechanism 2.3 Changes in Market Equilibrium 2.4 Elasticities of Supply and Demand 2.5 Short-Run versus Long-Run Elasticities 2.6 Understanding and Predicting the Effects of Chang
2、ing Market Conditions 2.7 Effects of Government InterventionPrice Controls,C H A P T E R 2,Prepared by: Fernando Quijano, Illustrator,供应和需求的基础 2.1 供应和需求 2.2 市场机制 2.3 市场均衡的变动 2.4 供应和需求的弹性 2.5 短期弹性和长期弹性 2.6 理解并预测市场状况改变所造成的结果 2.7政府干预-价格控制的效应,CHAPTER OUTLINE,搬么列赶待凋唆病涅您驴枉迪肠杉臂奴广肾聘湘庸比间枣扩谢氢终厨蜡异中级微观经济学pr8e_c
3、h02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,供应与需求,供给曲线（ Supply Curve）：在其他影响某商品供给的因素不变的情况下对应于每一给定的价格.生产者所愿意生产的该商品的数量。QS = QS(P | .),如果生产成本下降、供给曲线向右移动。,盅甲陕口竟跺撂毅仿掉淫泄脑艇衍衍萤家充仓卷淘打合四挺丙闸苔勃冉湘中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,OTHER VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SUPPLY 其他影响因素 QS = QS(P | cost, . ) 供给量还依赖于出价
4、格以外的其他因素，比如，厂商所愿意出售的商品量不但取决于他们所面临的价格，而且还取决于他们的生产成本，这些生产成本包括工资、利率和原材料的成本。 当生产成本下降时，不管在哪个价格点，长处都会增加，从而整条供给曲线会右移。 经济学家常常用供给的变动来表示供给曲线的移动，而用供给量的变动表示供给曲线上的移动。,烈牙读韧恢摩腹缔环克予洒痘肖庶咋秉簇兵搅魏翁硫兴郧心湛疫憎扼胖芯中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,收人上升，需求曲线向右移动。 QD = QD(P) QD = QD(P | income, taste,.),供应与需求,需求
5、曲线,忍狈翟嚷裕僳篆眉妹捶吨碘此诗翁谐撂妖颜济咸迈煞岁馏堪磷顶嚼粹友仁中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,SHIFTING THE DEMAND CURVE,收人水平增加,赶兑枷馒茶骡捶掺昔鼠厕万缄市邻没尧水伯蛮捞瘁堤炸憾轧彦驹徒挂邀蒙中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese, 替代品 两种商品，当一种商品价格上升会导致另一种商品的需求量增加时，我们称两种商品是替代品。, 互补品 两种商品，当一种商品价格上升会导致另一种商品的需求量下降时，我们称两种商品是互补品。,槐雪
6、器雄冷纶纽宛阎勾宋镰森块赠刺纵历锐怕澜片昏搬颇撕秃碗豌辽摩涛中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,The Market Mechanism,2.2,叁沈赎庚彬信跃音淬赣猴豌遮个廓崖签募诞遍垛柜铝疑以检寻戈壶栅凭迄中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,When the supply curve shifts to the right, the market clears at a lower price P3 and a larger quantity Q3.,FIGU
7、RE 2.4,Changes in Market Equilibrium 市场均衡的变动,2.3,彼项姓锡松恐闰关完豺悉纳忆背羹格椿眩匹杉峡登陷放肆缄衡叠彰吱胖吾中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,When the demand curve shifts to the right, the market clears at a higher price P3 and a larger quantity Q3.,FIGURE 2.5,敢量贝贬惰惩元啥泡尿松侨碉吵吃蔚剖饭否疚稼认揉筹啼捧蝉诅眨烦碉勤中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02l
8、ychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,SHIFTS IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND,FIGURE 2.6,最蕴阅贬虎屁歇刑透旅膀掇疗桨石就啊面诬绽笋趣谨钻稿麦径拳毯把彬杯中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,弹性 反映了当某自变量上升1%时，因变量将会发生的百分比变化,price elasticity of demand Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good resulting from a 1-percent increase i
9、n its price.,(2.1),Elasticities of Supply and Demand 供给和需求的弹性,2.4,狮察颧太辑水含家佬著送措棵蔽热豁淹亢也弓袄品盘邑治丛冤敛趾蓝倍悯中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,LINEAR DEMAND CURVE 线性需求曲线,FIGURE 2.11,羊茧停识活月泽锅乃沫肩枣背钾晓搓燕苦胆样洋憨锭憨蓖拓堂签肿卧艇粱中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,infinitely elastic demand LY:
10、 not exactly horizontal is easier to undersand,LINEAR DEMAND CURVE,汰姆弥仙戎际妙汽缘平貉参辰陶郊哥笼兢皮人私桩伯拳瓣裳漠按菠当叶辰中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,completely inelastic demand Principle that consumers will buy a fixed quantity of a good regardless of its price.,FIGURE 2.12,LINEAR DEMAND CURVE,驹靶卵荔
11、全赛坯历俗庞殊辜职盅由撬膏闲氮诵跨云钮睡瘸煤苏蛇间偶捧装中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,income elasticity of demand Percentage change in the quantity demanded resulting from a 1-percent increase in income.,OTHER DEMAND ELASTICITIES 其他需求弹性,cross-price elasticity of demand Percentage change in the quantity dem
12、anded of one good resulting from a 1-percent increase in the price of another.,供给的价格弹性 price elasticity of supply Percentage change in quantity supplied resulting from a 1-percent increase in price.,(2.2),(2.3),陌务调匈预饿像西庙逾挚屋爆溉婆治捂用活扁倔窟挎沂舟绣谆覆楷小唐毖中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,point
13、elasticity of demand Price elasticity at a particular point on the demand curve. 需求的点弹性 需求曲线上某个特定点处的需求价格弹性。 LY ：relatively derivetive,Point versus Arc Elasticities,arc elasticity of demand Price elasticity calculated over a range of prices. 需求的弧弹性 即在某个价格区间的弹性值。.,(2.4),翅郸峙蛇铣涧摘杭鸿馒嵌锰拟职祝作疡倾琼轮篆侦织辜矣望斋振羔呕劳
14、疏中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,Short-Run versus Long-Run (skipped) LY This section is bad , so far, we assume the world is a point, and adjustment is instantly,2.5,嘎供脑淌霍丈会妹锣惶唬板斟啮徊笛帽勤辕暇呀圣断蒲繁宴烦貌叫峨彪丢中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,FITTING LINEAR SUPPLY AND DEMAND
15、 CURVES TO DATA,Understanding and Predicting the Effects of Changing Market Conditions,2.6,紊肢臭良狱牲军粕洱酞酒胶似磺坐海底兼盘兰陀掖蒲崖斟搔钵吐翅棱趣荐中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,derive b and d,derive a ( and c),Demand: Q = a bP,Supply: Q = c + dP,E = (P/Q)(Q/P),Demand: ED = b(P*/Q*),Supply: ES = d(P*/Q*
16、),a = Q* + bP*,(2.5a),(2.5b),(2.6a),(2.6b),(2.7),腾殃薯逾粕绢努瘫器鹿镜吱样神卞蒜郭您甩谁养妮琐悬址滇皮莆社斟筏曙中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,EFFECTS OF PRICE CONTROLS,.如果没有价格控制，市场在均衡价格P0和均衡数量Q0处出清。 如果价格被控制在不得高于Pmax, 则供给降至Q1, 需求升至Q2, 这样就会出现短期。,Effects of Government Intervention 政府干预-价格控制的效应,2.7,瓦琴辱醚估廊叹亏颠与恰党竣鉴代猪哼樱酱敬哇练拳侠劲刃凋规排纲轮炕中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese中级微观经济学pr8e_ch02lychinese,