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1、.Key to ExerciseUnit 1Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolution8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)2.organic chemicals9.synthetic fibers3.the contact process10.pharmaceutical4.the Haber process11.research and development5.synthetic puters(automatic control equipment)7.artificial fertilizers
2、14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFoodartificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary productsHealthantibiotics, -blockersClothingsynthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides),synthetic dyessynthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde,Shelterpolyurethanes),plasticsLeisureplastics
3、 and polymers (e.g. nylon)additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity indexTransportimprovements),polymers, plasticsUnit 2Research and Development1.R&D12.technical support2.ideas and knowledge13.process improvement3.process and products14.effluent treatment4.fundamental15.pharmaceutical5.applied16.suff
4、iciently pure6.product development17.Reaction7.existing product18.unreacted material8.pilot plant19.by-products9.profitbility20.the product specification10.environmental impact21.Product storage11.energy cost.Unit 3Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1. Mechanical2. electrical3. civil4. scale-up
5、5. commercial-size6. reactors7. distillation columns8. pumps9. control and instrumentation10. mathematics11. industry12. academia13. steamUnit 4Sources of Chemicals1. inorganic chemicals2. derive from (originate from)3. petrochemical processes4. Metallic ores5. extraction process6. non-renewable res
6、ource7. renewable sources8. energy source9. fermentation process10. selective14. cooling water15. an economical16. to improve17. P&I Drawings18. Equipment Specification Sheets19. Construction20. capacity and performance21. bottlenecks22. Technical Sales23. new or improved24. engineering methods25. c
7、onfigurations11. raw material12. separation and purification13. food industry14. to be wetted15. Key to success16. Crushing and grinding17. Sieving18. Stirring and bubbling19. Surface active agents20. Overflowing.Unit 5Basic Chemicals1.Ethylene4.Polyvinyl acetate2.acetic acid5.Emulsion paint3.Polyme
8、rizationHigh-volume sectorLow-volume sectorProduction scaletens to hundreds of thousandstens to a few thousands tonstons per yearper yearProducts / a plantsingle productmulti-productsOperation mannercontinuousbatchPrice or profitfairly cheapvery profitableUsageintermediatesend-productsChallengesredu
9、ced demand,environment pollutionsulphuric acid,phosphorus-containingagrochemicals,compounds,dyestuffs,Products in the sectornitrogen-containingpharmaceuticals,compounds,speciality polymerschlor-alkali,petrochemicals,commodity polymers.Unit 6Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1. Ammonia2. ammonia abso
10、rber3. NaCl & NH 4 OH4. Carbon dioxideProductRaw materialbrine,Soda-ashlimestoneChlorinebrineCaustic sodabrine.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO38. WaterMajor steps orPrincipal reactionsammoniating,carbonating,precipitating,filtering,drying,calcining2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H 2O NaOH +Cl 2 +H 22Na+ + 2C
11、l - +2H 2O NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2Usesraw material forglassmaking,sodium silicate;as an alkalias water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production ofvinyl chloride, solvents,inorganicchlorine-containingproductsfor paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals,syntheses of organicchemicals,production
12、 ofaluminaand soapS +O2 SO2feedstock for fertilizers;Sulfuric acidelemental sulphurSO2 + O 2 SO2production of ethanol,hydrofluoric acid,SO3 + H 2O H 2SO4aluminum sulphates.Unit 7Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea1.kinetically inert9.energy2.some iron compounds10.steam reforming3.exothermic11.carbon monox
13、ide4.conversion12.secondary reformer5.a reasonable speed13.the shift reaction6.lower pressures14.methane7.higher temperatures15.3:18. capital1787C. Bertholletdiscovers the composition of ammonia1903Fritz Habersynthesizes ammonia1909Fritz Haberdrives the optimum reaction conditions1909-1914C. Bosch,
14、A. Mittaschscale-up the process1913in BASFbuild a pilot plant1919Fritz Haberreceives the Noble price1920sin Britain and AmericaIntroduce the Haber process1931C. Boschreceives the Noble priceUnit 8Petroleum Processing1.organic chemicals7.consumption of hydrogen2.H:C ratios8.the pilot stage3.high temp
15、erature carbonization9.surface and underground4.crude tar10.fluidized bed5.pyrolysis11.Biotechnology6.poor selectivity12.sulfur speciesUnit 9PolymersAbbreviationName of polymerLDPELow density polyethyleneHDPEHigh density polyethyleneLLDPELinear low density polyethylenePET or PBTPoly ethylene terepht
16、halate (PET)Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)PVCPoly vinyl chloridePSPolystyrenePOMPolyoxymethylene低密度聚乙烯高密度聚乙烯线性低密度聚乙烯聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯聚氯乙烯聚苯乙烯聚甲醛.PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolyphenylene oxide聚苯醚PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛树脂PMMApoly (methyl methacr
17、ylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formaldehyde resins脲醛树脂Name of polymerCompany or InventorYear introducedPhenol-formaldehyde resinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyde resin1929Alkyd resinlate 1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)GermanyPoly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)GermanyPoly (vinyl chloride)GermanyPolystyreneGermanypolyethyl
18、eneICI1938NylonDu pont1941PolyacrylonitrileDu pont1948TeryleneICI1949Epoxy resinsDu pont1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate 1970sUnit 10What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale( 10-3m)Atomic and molecular studies of catalystsChemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuitsStudies of
19、 the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale(10-3 102m)Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipmentDesignof injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymersDesigning feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale(10m)Operability analysis and co
20、ntrol system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant.Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutantsManipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of undergro
21、und interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recoveryCourseCourse contentScience and Math.Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics,Computer InstructionThermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis,Chemical EngineeringRector Design and Analysis, Unit Operati
22、ons, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and SocialUnderstand the origins of one s own culture as well as that ofScienceothersUnit 12What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density8.v
23、elocity fluctuations2.viscosity9.solid surface3.tube diameter10.ideal fluids4.Reynolds11.viscosity5.eddies12.Prandtl6.laminar flow13.fluid dynamics7. turbulent flow.Unit 13Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering1.physical8.filtration2.unit operations9.material balance3.identical10.equilibrium stage
24、model4.A. D. Little11.Hydrocyclones5.fluid flow12.Filtration6.membrane separation13.Gravity7.crystallization14.VaccumUnit 14Distillation Operations1.relative volatilities9.rectifying section2.contacting trays10.energy-input requirement3.reboiler11.overall thermodynamic efficiency4.an overhead conden
25、ser12.tray efficiencies5.reflux13.Batch position7.packing15.a rectifying batch8. stripping sectionSieve plateBubble-capValve platesplatesCostlowhighmiddleCapacityhighlowmiddleOperating rangelowhighmiddleEfficiencysamesameSamePressure droplowhighmiddle1 2 3.Unit 15Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Ads
26、orption1.a liquid solvent14.H+ or OH2.solubilities15.regenerant3.leaching16.process flow rates4.distillation17.deterioration of performance5.extract18.closely similar6.raffinate19.stationary phase7.countercurrent20.mobile phase8.a fluid21.distribution coefficients9.adsorbed phase22.selective membran
27、es10.400,00023.synthetic11.original condition24.ambient temperature12.total pressure25.ultrafiltration13.equivalent numbers26.reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying1.concentrate solutions10.condensers2.solids11.supersaturation3.circulation12.circulation pump4.viscosity13
28、.heat exchanger5.heat sensitivity14.swirl breaker6.heat transfer surfaces15.circulating pipe7.the long tube16.Product8.multiple-effect evaporators17.non-condensable gas9.vacuum18.barometric condenserDryer typeGeneral featuresApplicationTray dryersBatch operation,Drying valuable productsClose control
29、 of drying conditionsand product inventoryContinuous circulation,Conveyor dryersHigh drying rates,Drying materials that form aGood product-quality,bed with an open structureHigh thermal efficiencies,High initial and maintenance costContinuous operation,High throughput,High thermal efficiency,Drying
30、free-flow granularRotary dryerLow capital cost and labor costsmaterialsNon-uniform residence time,Dust generation,High noise levels.Continuous or batch operation,Rapid and uniform heat transfer,Short drying times,Fluidized bed dryersGood control of the drying conditions,Low floor area requirements;H
31、igh power requirementsDrying granular andcrystalline materialsPneumatic dryersSpray dryersRotary drum dryersShort contact times,Drying fine and heatLow thermal efficiencysensitive materialsShort contact times,Good control of the productDrying liquid and diluteparticle size, bulk density andslurry fe
32、eds as well as heatform,sensitive materialsHigh heat requirementsAn alternative choice to sprayDrying liquid and dilutedryersslurry feedsUnit 17Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design11.more valuable products2.optimization12.harmless products3.control13.serves the needs4.unit operations (UO)14.the che
33、mical reactors5.many disciplines15.flowchart6.kinetics16.necessarily7.thermodynamics,17.tail8.fluid mechanics18.each reaction9.microscopic19.temperature and concentrations10.chemical reactions20.linearUnit 18Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization10.feeding strategies2.mathematical equations11.t
34、raining and education3.time12.definition of problem4.experiments13.mathematical model5.greater understanding14.numerical methods6.empirical approach15.tabulated or graphical7.experimental design16.experimental data8.differing process condition17.information9. control systems.1.the preliminary econom
35、ics8.optimize2.technological changes9.plant operations3.pilot-plant data10.energy4.process alternatives11.bottlenecking5.trade-offs12.yield and throughput6.Off-design13.Revamping7.Feedstocks14.new catalystProblemWater as impurityDetermination ofexplosive limitsStorage of unstablematerialsUnexpected
36、resultsKill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalystExplosionsExplosions and firesPossible causeSteam leakNarrower limits in small-scale equipmentLower heat removal rate incommercial unitsUnit 19Introduction to Process Design1.a flowsheet7.health2.control scheme8.safety3.process manuals9.a
37、 reactor4.profit10.tradeoffs5.sustainable industrial activities11.optimizations6.waste12.hierarchyUnit 20Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species6.drying agent2.nutrient medium7.product3.fermentation step8.water4.biomass9.biological purification5. biomass separation.Materials areasResearch activitiesProbe the microscale dynamics of macromoleculesPolymerDevelop improved