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1、when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如： 时间状语从句When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续
2、性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We alw
3、ays sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） 2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的主句谓语用的是过去完成时，则从句动词多用一般过去时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句
4、动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were
5、divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定
6、或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。till不可以用在句首，而until可以放在句首。例如： I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until
7、 I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is 时间since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？ It is four years since my sister lived
8、 in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news,
9、 I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 注意hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to sta
10、rt on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
11、6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间
12、状语从句。例如： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。 You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。 8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“只要“例如： You can go wher
13、e you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。 与各种时态相对应的时间词：一般现在时 every , sometimes, at , on Sunday, 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将
14、来时 next, tomorrow, in+时间, 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while 将来进行时 soon, t
15、omorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 一词多义 一、对before从句的理解 before的本意为“在之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有就，趁着还没就，不知不觉就，才”等。如： I had not sat long before he came back. 我没坐多久他就回来了。 He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 Before I could get in a w
16、ord, he measured me. 我还来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。 Ill water the flowers before it gets dark. 我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。 Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，后做先生。 Time passed quickly and three months went by before she knew it. 时间过得飞快，她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月 I will die before I will betray my country. 我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。 二、对s
17、ince从句的理解 1. since从句的谓语动词是终止性动词照字面意思理解。如： Ive been feeling down since I lost my job. 自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。 2. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为现在完成时时，仍然按字面意思理解。如： She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city. 自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。 3. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为一般过去时时，按与字面意思相反的意思理解。如： I have made great progress s
18、ince I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。 4. since前有ever，或从句谓语动词是be且后接表示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄的名词、形容词时，仍然按字面意思理解。如： I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。 三、对till/until从句的理解 1. 主句为肯定式，主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词，且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到until/till从句所表示的时间为止，可译作“（直）到”。如： He waited until/till I returned. 他一直等到我回来。 2.
19、 主句为否定式（包括含no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little等否定词的肯定句），若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词，则该动词所表示的动作在until/till从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到”，后译主句，not 译成“才”，即“直到才”。如： His mother didnt leave until/till he was asleep. 直到他睡着了，他母亲才离开。 Nobody can leave until/till the meeting is over. 直到散会才能离开。 3. 主句为否定式，若主句谓语动词是持续性动词，则须根据上下
20、文去理解until/till从句的含义，一般译为“直到才”或“没有到”。如： He didnt wait until/till I returned. 他没有等到我回来。 She didnt sleep until/till I returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。 与强调句对比时间状语从句 强调句的句型是： It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分 第一句是对的，后面一句是错的。 It was seven oclock when we reached the station.（状语从句） =It was at seven oclock that we
21、reached the station.(强调句，定语从句） 强调句和时间状语从句的区别是：时间状语从句可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性。而强调句that/who引导的句子是不能去掉的，否则句子就不完整了，单独的“It was at seven oclock”是错误的。 时间状语从句和定语从句的区别其实跟上面说的是一样的，强调句型其实就是一种特殊的定语从句。本身最简单的表达法是：We reached the station at seven oclock.然后为了强调at seven oclock,就变成了强调句It was at seven oclock that we reached the
22、staion，同时它也是定语从句：从句“that we reached the staion”修饰的是it=the time. 时态问题时间状语从句常用的连词有：when，as，while，before，after，since，till，until，as soon as，once。 【例】 Before I could get in a word, he already gave orders. 我还来不及插话，他已经吩咐下去了。 After the students were all in the lab, the professor brought out three bottles. 在
23、学生们全进入实验室后，教授拿出三个瓶子来。 学习时间状语从句应注意以下几点： （1）时间状语从句中一般不使用将来时态，尽管主句使用将来时态，一般使用一般现在时态或现在完成时态。 【例】 Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. 我明天回来，我将继续做这项工作。 Please tell him about it when you see him back. 你看到他回来，就告诉他这件事。 （2）till/until引导时间状语从句，主句的谓语动词如是延续动词，可使用否定或不用否定，如果是不延续动词，必须使用否定形式。 【例】 He di
24、dnt go to bed until it was 12 oclock last night. 他昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 They worked until it was dark. 他们一直工作到天黑。 （3）as soon as, the moment, every time, each time, the minute, the instant, the day, the week, the year, the first time,next time, any time, the last time, all the time, from the time, by the time,
25、 immediately, instantly, directly等表示时间的词语，后面也可以接时间状语从句，表示“一就”。 【例】 I recognized you the minute I saw you. 我一见到你，就认出了你。 By the time he was fourteen, he had built his own lab. 到他十四岁的时候，他已建起自己的实验室。 （4）主句使用过去进行时或过去完成时，或是was/were about to do Sth. ,后面从句使用when从句，而且谓语动词使用一般过去时，这时when不当“当时候”解，而当“突然”解。 【例】 Th
26、ey were working in the fields when it began to rain. 他们在地里正干着活时，天突然下起雨来。 He was about to leave when the telephone rang. 他刚要走，突然电话铃响了。地点状语从句：句型1：Where地点从句，（there）主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕
27、作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever地点从句，主句。
28、【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 知识扩展1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语) 1.It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled. 他将是一所混合
29、式学校，那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对限先行词起限定作用。) 2.Wherever you go , I go too. 无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处，多用于句首。 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语. 三、条件状语从句要点： 条件状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not
30、) 引导。 1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩. 3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我就去.) 4.You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave i
31、mmediately, you will be late.) 难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow. 一般将来时， 一般现在时 They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时 四、原因状语从句要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导 1.I didnt go to school yesterday
32、because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。 2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜. 4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她. .难点because , since , as , for,辨析 1）
33、because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for
34、 he is absent today. 3) as和for的区别： 通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例： As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句） I stay at home, for the weather is cold.五、目的状语从句要点： 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, sothat , in order that 引导。 1.so that 以至, 以便 Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我
35、。 I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以使新鲜空气可以进来。 2.in order that=so that:为了 We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 3.despite= in spite of 六、结果状语从句要点：结果状语从句由连词( so )that, sothat, suchthat, so m
36、uch/manythat引导。 1.sothat 如此以至于 The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited. 科学家的报告很有启发性，我们感到很兴奋。 He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 2. suchthat 如此。以至 Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 3
37、.比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little(这四个形容词表多或表少时)连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowerssuch nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many peoplesuch a lot of
38、 people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 难点 +形容词或副词 +形+a(an)+单数可数名词 so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that +much或 little+不可数名词 so that ,suchthat 都可
39、以in order that两者皆可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句， 当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。 so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前加冠
40、词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over. 我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块. 2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any. 笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你. 3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步. 4。Mike is so hones
41、t a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以至于大家都相信他 (=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步. 七、让步状语从句要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导. 难点： lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可
42、以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的. Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐. Wrong: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us
43、 as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析 although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though. 1。He is looking fit, though. 但是,他看上去很健康. 考点 2。Even though I didnt understand a word, I kept smiling. 尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。 3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though. 尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。 典型例题 1
44、） _she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2)as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do
45、. 注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3)ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whetheror-不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever