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1、Chapter 2：Speech soundI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be
2、 in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informati
3、on conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.
4、Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants
5、can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be clas
6、sified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to dete
7、rmine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. T
8、he rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21 A _ refers to a strong pu
9、ff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22 A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23 The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds.24Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most
10、 flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25 English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation.26 When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstru
11、ction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_.27 S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28 The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s _ rules.29 The
12、 transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.30 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are colle
13、ctively known as i_.31 P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, t
14、he o_ cavity and the nasal cavity.33T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress
15、.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voic
16、eless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37_ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/38 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _.A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39 Since /p/ and /b/ a
17、re phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _.A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distributionC. the allophones D. minimal pair40 The sound /f/ is _.A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricati
18、ve D. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. back B. centralC. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that
19、 occur above the level of the segments are called _.A. phonetic components B. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental features D. semantic features43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phone B. soundC. allophone D.
20、 phoneme44 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme.A. phones B. soundsC. phonemes D. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonet
21、ics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels ?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not ?