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1、红色是定义 语言学 chap1 部分笔记在鑫宇那 why study language language is a means of verbal communication what is language design features of language 语言的特点 arbitrariness任意性 the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The symbols have been chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is imp
2、ossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. The symbols have been chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. 1 arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ite meaning 语素音义关系的任意性 2 arbitrariness at the synt
3、actic level 句法层面上的任意性 3 arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 they derive from the choice of subject matters. once such links between particular word and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality. Saussure索绪尔提出 duality二层性 It means that language is a system which consists o
4、f two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of words. 下层lowersounds 交通灯和动物叫声一样，只有下层含义。 meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless element further 上层higher=primarywords, sentences creativity创造性 the ability t
5、hat we all have to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered. displacement移位性 the ability for the human language users to symboliz
6、e objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication, or the ability to use language to talk about the things that exist in our world of experience or in the world of imagination.语言能够指称说 话人即时情境以外的语境 culture transmission文化传递 refers to the fact that,
7、on the one hand, human language has a genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any human language are passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by gene. function of language 语言的功能 基
8、本功能 不同的人 JACKBSON 语言功能框架 referential 所指：传达信息 poetic 诗学：享受语言自身的乐趣 emotive 情感：表达态度感觉情感 conative 意动功能：通过指令和恳 求说服和影响他人 祈使 呼语 phatic 寒暄：与他人建立交际早上好 metalingual function元语言嘿，听到吗 HALLIDAY 语言元功能理论 ideational 概念 interpersonal 人际 textual 语篇 功能 function informative信息 Language serves an informative function when
9、 it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out. interpersonal 人际 It is mainly concerned with interaction between the speaker and hearer in the discourse situation and the speakers attitude towards what he speaks or writes about. performative 施
10、为 speech can be used to “do things”, performing acts. emotive 感情 the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. The aim is to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please. phatic communion 寒暄交谈 It refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact r
11、ather than for exchanging information or ideas. For instance, greetings, farewells, talking about weather are all instances of phatic function. recreational 娱乐 When language is used to amuse, language is performing recreational function. For instance, verbal dueling (对歌），babys babbling and word game
12、. metalingual 元语言 When language is used to talk about and study language itself, language is performing metalingual function用来谈论语言 的言语 to tell the truth, frankly speaking important distinction in linguistics 语言学中一些重要的区别 Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式 If a linguistic study describes and analyze
13、s the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. people dont say X If it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be prescriptive. dont sat X Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时和历时 Synchronic linguistics is the analysis of language at a single point in time 共时通常为当下 Diac
14、hronic历时 linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history Langue langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. Competence & performance 语言能力和语言运用 According to Chomsky, “Competence”语言能力 is the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language. “Performance” 语言运用is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.