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1、Financial Management in the International BusinessChapter 20,Introduction,Scope of financial management includes three sets of related decisions: Investment decisions, decisions about what activities to finance. Financing decisions, decisions about how to finance those activities. Money management d
2、ecisions, decisions about how to manage the firms financial resources most efficiently.,20-1,Investment Decisions,Capital budgeting: quantifies the benefits, costs and risks of an investment. Managers can reasonably compare different investment alternatives within and across countries. Complicated p
3、rocess: Must distinguish between cash flows to project and those to parent. Political and economic risk can change the value of a foreign investment. Connection between cash flows to parent and the source of financing must be recognized.,20-2,Project and Parent Cash Flows,Project cash flows may not
4、reach the parent: Host-country may block cash-flow repatriation. Cash flows may be taxed at an unfavorable rate. Host government may require a percentage of cash flows to be reinvested in the host country.,20-3,Adjusting for Political and Economic Risk,Political risk: Expropriation - Iranian revolut
5、ion, 1979. Social unrest - after the breakup of Yugoslavia, company assets were rendered worthless. Political change - may lead to tax and ownership changes.,20-4,Euromoney Magazines Country Risk Ratings,Adapted from Table 20.1 in text,Highest and lowest ranked countries.,Total score = 100,20-5,Fina
6、ncing Decisions (a),Source of financing: Global capital markets for lower cost financing. Host-country may require projects to be locally financed through debt or equity. Limited liquidity raises the cost of capital. Host-government may offer low interest or subsidized loans to attract investment. I
7、mpact of local currency (appreciation/depreciation) influences capital and financing decisions.,20-6,Financing Decisions (b),Financial structure: Debt/equity ratios vary with countries. Tax regimes. Follow local capital structure norms? More easily evaluate return on equity relative to local competi
8、tion. Good for companys image. Best recommendation: adopt a financial structure that minimizes its cost of capital.,20-7,Debt Ratios for Selected Industrial Countries,Highest and lowest ranked countries.,Debt ratio = total debt / total assets at book value.,Country Mean,Adapted from Table 20.2 in te
9、xt,20-8,Global Money Management(The Efficiency Objective),Minimizing cash balances: Money market accounts - low interest - high liquidity. Certificates of deposit - higher interest - lower liquidity. Reducing transaction costs (cost of exchange): Transaction costs:changing from one currency to anoth
10、er. Transfer fee: fee for moving cash from one location to another.,20-9,Global Money Management(The Tax Objective),Countries tax income earned outside their boundaries by entities based in their country. Can lead to double taxation. Tax credit allows entity to reduce home taxes by amount paid to fo
11、reign government. Tax treaty is an agreement between countries specifying what items will be taxed by authorities in country where income is earned. Deferral principle specifies that parent companies will not be taxed on foreign income until the dividend is received. Tax haven is used to minimize ta
12、x liability.,20-10,OECD Corporate Income Tax Rates,Top Tax Rate %,Highest and lowest ranked countries and USA.,Adapted from Table 20.3 in text,20-11,Moving Money Across Borders: Attaining Efficiencies and Reducing Taxes,Unbundling: a mix of techniques to transfer liquid funds from a foreign subsidia
13、ry to the parent company without piquing the host-country. Dividend remittances. Royalty payments and fees. Transfer Prices. Fronting loans.,20-12,Dividend Remittances,Most common method of transfer. Dividend varies with: tax regulations. Foreign exchange risk. Age of subsidiary. Extent of local equ
14、ity participation.,Dividends,20-13,Royalty Payments and Fees,Royalties represent the remuneration paid to owners of technology, patents or trade names for their use by the firm. Common for parent to charge a subsidiary for technology, patents or trade names transferred to it. May be levied as a fixe
15、d amount per unit sold or percentage of revenue earned. Fees are compensation for professional services or expertise supplied to subsidiary. Management fees or technical assistance fees. Fixed charges for services provided,20-14,Transfer Prices,Price at which goods or services are transferred within
16、 a firms entities. Position funds within a company. Move founds out of country by setting high transfer fees or into a country by setting low transfer fees. Movement can be within subsidiaries or between the parent and its subsidiaries.,20-15,Benefits of Transfer Fees,Reduce tax liabilities by using
17、 transfer fees to shift from a high-tax country to a low-tax country. Reduce foreign exchange risk exposure to expected currency devaluation by transferring funds. Can be used where dividends are restricted or blocked by host-government policy. Reduce import duties (ad valorem) by reducing transfer
18、prices and the value of the goods.,20-16,Problems with Transfer Pricing,Few governments like it. Believe (rightly) that they are losing revenue. Has an impact on management incentives and performance evaluations. Inconsistent with a profit center. Managers can hide inefficiencies.,20-17,Fronting Loa
19、ns,A loan between a parent and subsidiary is channeled through a financial intermediary (bank). Can circumvent host-country restrictions on remittance of funds from subsidiary to parent. Provides certain tax advantages.,20-18,An Example of the Tax Aspects of a Fronting Loan,Tax Haven Subsidiary,Lond
20、on Bank,Foreign Operating Subsidiary,Pays 8% Interest (Tax Free),Pays 9% Interest (Tax Deductible),Deposit $1 Million,Loan $1 Million,Figure 20.1,20-19,Techniques for Global Money Management Centralized Depositories,Need cash reserves to service accounts and insuring against negative cash flows. Sho
21、uld each subsidiary hold its own cash balance? By pooling, firm can deposit larger cash amounts and earn higher interest rates. If located in a major financial center can get information on good investment opportunities. Can reduce the total size of cash pool and invest larger reserves in higher pay
22、ing, long term, instruments.,20-20,Centralized Depositories,Day-to-Day Cash Needs (A),One Standard Deviation (B),Required Cash Balance (A+3xB),Spain $10 $1 $13,Italy $ 6 $2 $12,Germany $12 $3 $21,Total $28 $6 $46,20-21,Techniques for Global Money Management Multilateral Netting,Ability to reduce tra
23、nsaction costs. Bilateral netting. Multilateral netting - simply extending the bilateral concept to multiple subsidiaries within an international business.,20-22,Cash Flows before Multilateral Netting,German Subsidiary,French Subsidiary,Italian Subsidiary,Spanish Subsidiary,$4 Million,$1 Million,$3
24、Million,$2 Million,$5 Million,$3 Million,$4 Million,$5 Million,$2 Million,$5 Million,$6 Million,$3 Million,Figure 20.2a,20-23,Calculation of Net Receipts($ Million),Paying Subsidiary,Receiving Subsidiary,Germany France Spain Italy,Total Receipts,Net Receipts* (payments),Germany - $3 $4 $5 $12 ($3),F
25、rance $4 - 2 3 9 (2),Spain 5 3 - 1 9 1,Italy 6 5 2 - 13 4,Total payments $15 $11 $8 $9,Net receipts = Total payments - total receipts,Figure 20.2b,20-24,Cash Flows after Multilateral Netting,German Subsidiary,French Subsidiary,Spanish Subsidiary,Italian Subsidiary,Pays $1 Million,Pays $3 Million,Pay
26、s $1 Million,Figure 20.2c,20-25,Managing Foreign Exchange Risk,Risk that future changes in a countrys exchange rate will hurt the firm. Transaction exposure:extent income from transactions is affected by currency fluctuations. Translation exposure:impact of currency exchange rates on consolidated re
27、sults and balance sheet. Economic exposure:effect of changing exchange rates over future prices, sales and costs.,20-26,Strategies for Reducing Foreign Exchange Risk (a),Primarily protect short-term cash flows. Reducing transaction and translation exposure: Buying forward and currency swaps. Lead st
28、rategy:collecting receivables early when currency devaluation is anticipated and paying early when currency may appreciate. Lag strategy:delaying receivable collection when anticipating currency appreciation and delaying payables when currency depreciation is expected.,20-27,Strategies for Reducing
29、Foreign Exchange Risk (b),Reducing economic exposure: Key is to distribute productive assets to various locations so firm is not severely affected by exchange rate changes.,Manufacturing Facility Dispersal,20-28,Managing Foreign Exchange Exposure,No agreement as to how, but commonality of approach does exist: Central control of exposure. Distinguish between transaction/translation exposure and economic exposure. Forecast future exchange rate movements. Good reporting systems to monitor firms exposure to exchange rate changes. Produce monthly foreign exchange exposure reports.,20-29,