《定语从句的用法浅谈_855.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《定语从句的用法浅谈_855.doc（5页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、【定语从句的用法浅谈】 摘要:定语从句是英语语法中一个比较重要的内容,为了使学生熟练掌握定语从句的用法,本文从定语从句的定义、结构、限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句几方面详细论述了该语法知识。 关键词: 定语从句 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 一、定语从句的定义和结构 在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as或关系副词when,where,why引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数
2、。定语从句可分为:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 (一)限定性定语从句的关系代词 指代对象 代替人 代替物 既可代人也可代物 主格 who,that which,that,as that 宾格 whom,that which,that,as that 所有格 whose whose (二)非限定性定语从句的关系副词 指代对象 代替人 代替物 既可代人也可代物 主格 who which,as 宾格 whom,of whom which,of which 二、限定性定语从句 有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确,这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句。这类从句不能省略,否则句子
3、的意义就不完整,例如: The man who told me this refused to give me his name. 告诉我这件事的那个人拒不说出他的姓名。 (一)指人的限定性定语从句 1.主语用who或that,通常用who,例如:The man who robbed you has been arrested.抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。 2.动词的宾语用whom,who或that。指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom,但在口语中经常使用who和that来代替whom(that 比who更常用);如果宾格关系代词之前没有介词常可省略,例如:The man whom I saw
4、told me to come back today.我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。 3.介词的宾语用whom或that。在正式的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前,这时关系代词必须使用whom这一形式,例如:The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it.卖给我这件东西的那个人嘱咐我给它上点油。 4.所有格。关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式,例如:People whose rents have been raised can appeal. 那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。 (二)指物的限定性定语从句 1.主语用which或that,而whic
5、h较正式,例如:This is the picture which/that caused such a sensation. 这就是那部轰动一时的电影。 2.动词的宾语用which,that或干脆省略关系代词,例如:The car which/that I hired broke down.我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。一般在all,everything,little,much,none,no,由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which,常用that。如果关系代词是动词的宾语时常可省略,例如:All the apples that fall are eaten by the p
6、igs.掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。 3.介词的宾语,介词+which,通常可把介词移到从句的末尾,用关系代词which,that或省去关系代词,例如:The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。 4.所有格可以用whose+从句这种结构,但通常用with+短语这种结构,例如:a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墙的房子a house with glass walls(译文同上) (三)关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句 注意:when可以代替用于指时间
7、的in/on which,例如: the year when(=in which)he was born他出生的那一年 the day when(=on which)they arrived他们到达的那一天 where可以代替用于指地点的in/at which,例如: the hotel/where(=in/at which)they were staying 他们当时住的旅店 why可代替for which,例如: The reason why he refused is 他拒绝的理由是 三、非限定性定语从句 定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这种从句
8、称为非限定性定语从句。这类从句往往用逗号与主句隔开,在书面语中用得比口语中多。 (一)指人的非限定性定语从句 1.主语只能用who,例如:My neighbour,who is very pessimistic,says there will be no apples this year.我的邻居极为悲观,他说今年苹果将不会有收成。 2.动词的宾语用whom,who。这类宾格代词在句中不能省略,例如:Peter,whom everyone suspected,turned out to be innocent.彼得,大家都怀疑他,结果证明是无罪的。 3.介词的宾语用whom。这个代词在句中不能
9、省略,介词常常位于它之前,例如:Mr. Jones,for whom I was working,was very generous about overtime payments.琼斯先生,我当时给干活的那位,很慷慨地付给加班加点的报酬。注意:把介词移到从句之后who往往取代whom:Mr. Jones,who/whom I was working for, 4.所有格用whose,例如:Ann,whose children are at school all day,is trying to get a job.安的孩子们整天都在学校,所以她在想办法找份工作。This is George,
10、whose class you will be taking.这一位是乔治,你就要接他的课。 5.all,both,few,most,several,some.+of+whom/which,这种形式可以指人,也可指事物,例如:Her sons,both of whom work abroad,ring her up every week.她的两个儿子,都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话来。 (二)指物的非限定性定语从句 1.主语用which,例如:That block,which cost5 million to build,has been empty for years.那个街区,就是花费
11、了500万英镑建起来的那个,已经空置了多年了。 2.宾语用which,而且不能省略,例如:She gave me this jumper,which she had knitted herself.她送给我这件羊毛衫,这是她亲手织的。 3.介词的宾语。介词位于which之前或者位于从句之后,例如:Ashdown Forest,through which well be driving,isnt a forest any longer.阿斯顿森林,我们即将驱车通过,已经不再是森林了。 4.与短语动词连用的which。如look after,look forward to,put up with等
12、应被看做一个整体,即介词/副词不应与动词分开,例如:This machine,which I have looked after for twenty years,is still working perfectly.这台机器我已经照管了20年,现在仍然没一点儿毛病。 5.所有格用whose或of which。whose一般用来指动物和事物,of which可以用来指物,比较少见,例如:His house,whose windows were all broken,was a depressing sight.他的房子窗户无一完好,一派令人心酸的景象。 四、that和which的区别 (一)相
13、同点 这两个关系代词引导定语从句时,都可以指物;在从句中都可做主语或宾语,作宾语时都可省略。 The train that(which)has just left is for Shanghai.(做主语)刚开走的那列火车是去上海的。 (二)不同点 1.以下情况常用that,一般不用which。 (1)当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时,例如:Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗? (2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,例如: The first thing that should be done is to get some
14、food. 该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 (3)当先行词有the very,the only,the same 等修饰时,例如: Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。 (4)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,例如: They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory. 他们在讨论工厂里看到的人和事。 (5)当关系代词在定语从句中做表语时,例如: China is not the country that it was.中国已经不
15、是过去的中国了。 (6)当要避免与疑问词which重复时,例如: Which is the car that was made in Beijing ?哪辆车是北京制造的? 2.以下情况用which,不用that。 (1)引导非限制性定语从句时,例如: Football ,which is an interesting game,is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球,它是一项有趣的运动。 (2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,例如: Language is the most important tool without which people cant comm
16、unicate with each other. 语言是最重要的工具,没有它,人们便无法交流。 五、关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 (一)在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,例如: Ive never seen such kind people as they are. 我从来没见过像他们这样厚道的人。 I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 (二)as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接as is known,as is said,as i
17、s reported,as is announced 等句型,例如: As we all know,Mr. Wang is a good teacher. As I expected,he didnt believe me. (三)as 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别: 1.当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which, 例如: He made a long speech,as was expected. He made a long speech,which was unexpected. 2.as和which都可以代替整个主句,但二者的用法又有所不同:as引导的定语从句可置
18、于主句之后或主句之前,而which引导的定语从句只能置于主句之后,不能置于主句之前,例如: He married her,which was natural. He married her,as was natural. As was natural,he married her. 很自然,他和她结婚了。 六、使用定语从句应注意的几个问题 (一)关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数,应由先行词决定 The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 (二)定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词,
19、中间有一个定语、状语或谓语隔开 There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand. 在他的眼睛里有一种我不明白的神情。 (三)引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替 This is the room in which (=where)Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房间。 (四)当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开 The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. 你在找的那本词典在桌子上。 (五)注意介词与关系代词的位置:介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介词在词尾,关系代词可用which,that,whom,口语中也可用who,且可省略 This is the room in which we lived last year. (或This is the room we lived in last year.) 这是我们去年住过的房间。 =本文结束=TXT&DOC=2010/6=