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1、Poster presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, University of Geneva, 13-15 September 2006A Study on the Status of the Foreign Bridesand Their Children at Risk in TaiwanBy Dr. Ruey-chuan ChengProvidence Universitye-mail: rcchengpu.edu.twTABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract2Purpose of the S
2、tudy6Literature Review8The Definition of Multicultural Education8Educational Objectives of Multicultural Education9The Relationship between Multicultural Education and theIssues of the Foreign Brides10Methods of the Study11Findings and Discussion11Implications of the Study17References19Appendix A21A
3、ppendix B22AbstractIn the past ten years, many Taiwanese men got married with women from other countries, whom we call “foreign brides.” According to the official records, more than one-fourth of the men who got married in the past year were married with women from other countries, such as China and
4、 South Eastern Asian countries. This unique phenomenon causes the researchers interest to study why so many Taiwanese men married women from other countries, what problems happen from such marriage, and how the government, the society, and the schools can help the families and their children at risk
5、 to be successful in the school.According to the advocates of multicultural education (Banks, 1989, 1994; Gollnick, 1994; Hilton, 1994; Kincheloc & Steinberg, 1997), one of the educational objectives of multicultural education is to help students from different social class, race, culture and gender
6、 get equal education and learning opportunities. The researchers believes that the children of the foreign brides need more attention and help from their teachers in order to be successful in the school.The researchers collected documents from the official records and the mass communication about th
7、e status of foreign brides in Taiwan. Then we interviewed some foreign brides to understand their life in Taiwan. Finally, we interviewed five elementary school teachers who have students from the family of foreign brides to know their learning situation in the school.After collecting documents from
8、 the official records, the mass communication media, and interviewing some foreign brides and the elementary school teachers, the researchers find the following reasons for Taiwanese men to marry women from other countries. First, its getting hard to find suitable women in Taiwan for marriage becaus
9、e more and more women select jobs to support themselves instead of getting married. Second, its hard for the men of low social economic status, old men, divorced men, and widowers to marry Taiwanese women. Instead, they “buy” wives from other countries with cheap price through the matchmaker compani
10、es. Third, some fishermen married foreign women when they sailed to other countries and took them back to Taiwan. On the contrary, most of the foreign brides marry Taiwanese men in order to improve the economic status of their maternal families. Accordingly, some problems happen when more and more f
11、oreign brides come to Taiwan. These problems include life adoption, relationship between husband and wife, childrens educational problems, health problems, and the problem of human rights.After analyzing these problems, we suggest several methods for the government, the society, and the schools to d
12、o to help the family and their children. First, the government should manage the matchmaker companies well to avoid that they “import” foreign brides for sex business instead of real marriage. Second, the government needs to help the brides to learn mandarin and Taiwanese culture well to get used to
13、 Taiwanese life soon. Third, the social institutes should offer counseling courses to the couples before and after their marriage and provide sources to them when they need help. Fourth, the social institutes need to keep frequent contact with the families to find any potential family violence. Fift
14、h, the society should offer jobs to the foreign brides to improve the economic status of the families. Sixth, the schools need to help the foreign brides children at risk learn successfully in the school.Finally, the researchers point out what multicultural perspectives a society should have and sug
15、gest that Taiwanese society needs to respect these foreign brides and their families in the belief that people, no matter whose races, age, gender, social economic status, religion, share the same right and duty in the world. We hope that anyone in Taiwan no matter where they are from can enjoy thei
16、r marriage and their children can get well education in the school.Keywords:Multicultural Education, Foreign Brides, Children at RiskPurpose of the StudyHuman races in the world have developed a whole new life since the year of 2000. It means that politics, economics, culture, and education among th
17、e nations are searching a national-wide cooperation. So called “earth village” or “international village” means that people, no matter whose races, age, gender, social economic status, religion, share the same right and duty in the world. This vision is wanted, not only in the western nations, but a
18、lso needed in Taiwan. In recent years, the percentage of the foreign brides among the married population is getting high. According to the statistics in February, 2006 from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C., there are 141,000 married couples (282,280 pe
19、rsons) in Taiwan in 2005. Among them 50,000 couples are formed by international people. Among the 28,427 non-Taiwanese spouses, 14,167 brides are from Mainland China and 11,121 brides are from other countries. Contrary to the high percentage of foreign brides, the population of the new born babies i
20、s getting low. However, the babies from the foreign brides occupy a certain percentage of the new born population. In 2005, there are 206,000 new born babies. Among them 27,000 are from the foreign brides, which is about 12.9% of the total new born babies.After getting married and moving to Taiwan,
21、these foreign brides not only need to adapt themselves to the new environment and learn Taiwanese language and culture, but also is responsible for the rearing of the next generation. It is very important for the foreign brides to educate their children, help them to learn successfully in the school
22、, communicate with the school teachers, and transfer their maternal language and culture to their children. According to the statistics from Taipei Educational Bureau in October 2003, 2199 elementary students are from the families of the foreign brides. Among them, 838 students could not perform wel
23、l in the school, which is 38.11% of the total students from the families of the foreign brides. The reasons for this phenomenon are that the foreign brides cannot communicate well with other family members, is low educated, is unknown of the spelling system of Mandarin, cannot help their children le
24、arn, is not familiar with Taiwanese culture, lack of parental knowledge, and lose communication with the school (Chen & Chen, 2003; Hsu, 2003; Wu, 2004).Due to the above phenomenon in Taiwan, the researchers conducted a qualitative research for the following purposes:1. What are the reasons that so
25、many Taiwanese men marry women from other countries? 2. What are the problems from such marriage?3. How can the government, the society, and the schools help the families and their children at risk to be successful in the school?Literature ReviewThe Definition of Multicultural EducationThere are dif
26、ferent definitions of multicultural education. According to Sleeter and Grant (1988), the definition of multicultural education changes during different eras. In 1960s, multicultural education focuses on the education of the minority students and the students of low social economic status. Besides,
27、it also researches on specific group such as Asian people. In 1970s, multicultural education extends its research to people of different culture, race, language, gender, handicapped people, and social economic status. For instruction, its content includes the ideas of the above people and their cont
28、ribution to the society. In 1980s, multicultural education emphasizes on social action to change the society and encourages students to do critical thinking and join movements.From 1980s to 1990s, Banks (1989, 1994) offers wider definitions to multicultural education. He states that multicultural ed
29、ucation is an education which searches for freedom and is a current trend. This education is achieved by the formation of the concept of multicultural education, the change of schools, and curriculum and instruction. Regarding the concept, multicultural education means that people no matter whose ra
30、ce, religion, social economic status, age, gender, share the same right and duty and should be treated respectfully. Regarding the change of the schools, the implementation of educational policies and the formation of schools should allow people to be educated equally. As for the curriculum and inst
31、ruction, the design of curriculum, the instruction, and teachers beliefs can achieve the aim of equal education. Overall, multicultural education means an education which aims to educate people equally and help people get along with each other peacefully, that can be achieved through the implementat
32、ion of educational policies and the school curriculum and instruction.The Taiwanese researchers of multicultural education also provide their perspectives of multicultural education. Hong (1999) states that multicultural education teaches people to care about the minority and respect different cultu
33、re. Through curriculum, students can know different culture, get rid of their stereotypes of certain culture, and work hard to promote social equity. Chen (2000) mentions that multicultural education is the foundation of a democratic society which can promote justice and freedom among people of diff
34、erent race, social economic status, gender, language, religion, and handicapped students.Educational Objectives of Multicultural EducationBased on the advocates of multicultural education (Banks, 1989, 1994; Gollnick, 1994; Hilton, 1994; Kincheloc & Steinberg, 1997), the educational objectives of mu
35、lticultural education can be classified into the following points:1. Multicultural education tries to shorten the distance between the ideal democratic thought and its implementation and reduce the unequal treatment of people due to the difference of race, gender and social economic status.2. Multic
36、ultural education helps students from different social class, race, culture and gender get equal education and learning opportunities.3. Multicultural education enables students to know and value their own culture and history and build up self-esteem.4. Multicultural education teaches students to re
37、spect other people, help the minority students, and promote the whole human beings equity.Duncan (1986) also points out the purpose of multicultural education as follows:Multicultural education is for the students:1. to know: the difference among people, the unique history and culture of themselves,
38、2. to see: their stereotype toward people,3. to accept: their unique culture, and4. to develop: positive self-image of themselves and be confident of themselves. The Relationship between Multicultural Education and the Issue of the Foreign BridesHow does our society look at the issue of the foreign
39、brides? Although we are moving toward to a new nine-year coherent curriculum, it seems that this new curriculum is lack of the accommodation of multicultural education and the new group-the foreign brides and their families (chen, 2003). The government, the society, and the school should work out a
40、multicultural action strategy to help this new minority. For example, the government should reconsider immigration and marriage policy to avoid any discrimination toward the minority. Multicultural education should not be limited only to the education of the aboriginal people or mother language. It
41、should be implemented in an aim to help people from other backgrounds (races, groups, nations, sexs, genders, social classes, religions, handicapped persons, ages, and languages) (Bank, 1993; Huang, 2000).Methods of the StudyIn order to deeply understand the phenomenon of the foreign brides in Taiwa
42、n, the researchers conducted a qualitative method, including reviewing literature regarding the foreign brides, collecting documents from the governmental statistics and the mass communication, interviewing one foreign bride, and five elementary school teachers who have students from the families of
43、 the foreign brides. The interviewing questions are listed in Appendix A (with the foreign bride) and Appendix B (with the five elementary school teachers). During and after data collection, the researchers used a comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) to analyze, code and categorize the data w
44、ith deep description and reflection.Findings and DiscussionAfter half years data collection and analysis, the researchers have the following findings:1. The reasons for Taiwanese men to marry the foreign bridesAccording to the report from the mass communication and the research (Huang & Chang, ?; Hs
45、u, 2003; Huang, 2004), there are several reasons for Taiwanese men to marry women from other countries.First, its getting harder to find suitable women in Taiwan for marriage because more and more women become financially independent instead of getting married to support their life.Second, its hard
46、for the men of low social economic status, old men, divorced men, and widowers to marry Taiwanese women. Instead, they “buy” wives from other countries with cheap price through the matchmaker companies.Third, some fishermen married foreign women when they sailed to other countries and took them back
47、 to Taiwan.Fourth, some illegal matchmaker companies import women from other countries for a fake marriage, but they manage a sex business actually.2. The reasons for the foreign brides to marry Taiwanese menAfter interviewing the foreign bride, the researchers summarize several reasons for the fore
48、ign brides to marry Taiwanese men.First, the foreign brides are favor of the life style in Taiwan. As being a well developed country, Taiwans life is better than the life of the foreign brides countries.Second, the foreign brides marry Taiwanese men in order to improve the economic status of their m
49、aternal families. Usually, Taiwanese men will give a big amount of money to the foreign brides parents to marry their daughters.Third, some foreign brides really fall in love with Taiwanese men no matter of the difference of language and culture.3. The problems with the international marriageAccordingly, some problems happen whe