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1、1,Unit 3 Cultural Diversity,2,Warm Up,Friendships China: People are willing to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owned. U.S.: People value more individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, not willing to put themselves in others debt.,3,Different Lands
2、, Different Friendships,In every country people value friendship. The difficulty is not a lack of appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.,4,Who is a friend?,What does a Frenchman mean when he says: “This is my good friend.
3、” “This is my friend.” Who is closer to him? Simple translation from one language to another is difficult.,5,Friendships in comparison,American friendships: superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring French friendships: are of the same sex, basically between men; demands a keen awareness
4、of the others intellect, temperament and interests; are compartmentalize; not part of family life German friendships: more a matter of feeling, have much to do with family English friendships: based on shared activities,6,Common Elements in Friendships of Different Styles,Friendship, in contrast wit
5、h kinship, is a matter of free choice The sense of being a special individual Inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take,7,Some Tools for Comparing and Contrasting Cultures,Kluckhohn Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of nature Sense of time: past, present, or future-oriented Activity: b
6、eing, growing, or doing Social relationships: authoritarian, group-oriented, or individualistic,9,Hofstedes Model,Five dimensions: Individualism versus collectivism Uncertainty avoidance Power distance Masculinity versus femininity Long-term versus short-term orientation,10,Individualism versus coll
7、ectivism,The degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the group Individualism: e.g. Australia, Belgium, the Netherland, and the U.S. Collectivism: e.g. Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan, and China,11,Individualism,Individual: primary source of motivation Independence, priva
8、cy, self, and the all-important I Highly individualistic, believing that people are only supposed to take care of themselves, and perhaps their immediate family Decision making: based on what is good for the individual, not for the group Dealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational strategie
9、s,12,Collectivism,Group: the most important social units Group-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the group Obligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belonging Decision making: based on what is best for
10、the group Dealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance, third-party intermediaries, or the other face-saving techniques The ingroup and the outgroup,13,Hofstedes Model,Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them
11、 by establishing more structure Power distance: the degree to which the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or accepted Masculinity versus femininity (achievement-nurturance): the deg
12、ree to which a culture values such behaviors as assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth or caring for others and the quality of life Long-term versus short-term orientation: time-orientation, a persons point of reference about life and work,14,Halls High-Context Very little is in in the coded, e
13、xplicit part of the message; Communication patterns of indirect verbal mode; Listeners “read between the lines” to infer the implicit intent of the verbal message; Listeners need to observe the nonverbal nuancces and subtleties that accompany and enhance the verbal message; Stress the importance of
14、multilayered contexts,16,Low-Context Communication or Message,Most of the information is given in the explicit code; The context or situation plays a minimal role; Communication patterns of direct verbal mode; Speakers send clear, persuasive message that listeners can easily decodeimplicit intent of
15、 the verbal message; Stress the importance of explicit verbal messages to convey personal thoughts, opinions, and feelings.,17,Halls High-Context wedding) Uncertainty avoidance: U.S.A. -97 / Greece 191 Toulas father: efforts to be isolated from American culture Ians father: tolerance for and acceptance of Greek culture Power distance: U.S.A. -90 / Greece 2 Fathers authority in Greece Independence and social equality in U.S.A.,个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论,