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1、国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）What s International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services producedin onecountry for goods and services producedin another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in
2、 the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer atthe seller premises ( 法定地址 )or another named place. The seller doesn goods for
3、 export and he needn load goodst on anycollecting vehicle.t notdeclare theFASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on
4、 Board means the seller de goods pass the ships rail at the namedlivers when theport of shipment. This means point.that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from thatThe FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.CFRCost and freight means that the seller delivers when the go
5、ods passship rails at the named port of shipmentCIFCIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he hasto procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goodsduring the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insuran
6、ce premium.FCA, Free carrier (Named place)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods,cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place orpoint. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choo
7、se within the place orrange stipulatedwhere the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, accordingin makingtocommercial practices, the seller assistance is requiredthe contractwith thecarrier, the seller may act at the buyer s risk and expenses.CPT, Carriage paid to (? named place of destinatio
8、n) 运费付至( ？指定目的地)It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods tothe named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as wellas any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goodshave been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the se
9、ller to thebuyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (? named place of destination) 运费保险费付至 (? 指定目的地)It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition thatthe seller has to procure cargo insurance a
10、gainst the buyer s risk of, loss of, or damageto the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.DES, Delivered Ex Ship(? named port of destination)船上交货(？指定目的港)It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at t
11、hedestination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involvedin bringing the goods there.DEQ, Delivered ex Quay( ? namesof portdestination)码头交货(？指定目的港)It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at thedestination named in the sales
12、 contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risksinvolved on bringing the goods there.DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (? named place of destination) 未完税交货(？指定目的地)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been madeavailable at the named place in the country of
13、importation.The seller has to bear all thecosts and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carryingout customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additionalcosts and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods forimport in time.DDP Deliv
14、ered Duty Paid(? named place of destination)完税后交货(？指定目的地)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goodshave been made available at the named place in the country of importation.The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes andother charges for deli
15、vering the goods, clearing for importation. Itrepresents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.DAF, Delivered At Frontier （? named 边境 place）交货（？指定地点）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when thegoods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named pointof place
16、at the frontier, but before the customs border of the countrynamed in the sales contract.Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical proper
17、ty, biological feature, etcn international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples.The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the q
18、uality of the wholelot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller s sample andsale, sale by the buyer s sample and sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality:（以实际品质交货）In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at sellerAfter s place at first.they conclude a deal, th
19、e seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.Sale by description:（以说明表示）In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale bydescription which can be subdivided into 7 kindsSale by specification:（凭规格买卖）The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators
20、 whichindicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity,size, length, etc.Sale by grade:（凭等级买卖）The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods whichis indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usuallydecided by different
21、qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.Sale by standard:（凭标准买卖）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulatedand announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.F.A.Q.:（良好平均品质）In the international agricultural and by-product market, ther
22、e is a commonlyadopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the averagelevel of the export commodity within a certain period of time.Sale by brand name or trademark:凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation which theis sound and with奔驰汽车）customers are quite familia
23、r, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(Sale by name of origin:凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins arewell- known all over the world.Sale by description:凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. c
24、an not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.Quality Tolerance 品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of indust
25、rial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade. Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial
26、productsQuality latitude品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goodsdelivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.The packing of goodscomponentIn internationaltradepacking is one ofthe essentialpartsof commodityproduction. Generally speaking,
27、only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer中性包装和定牌It means that
28、there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor aand thetrade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commoditycommodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyerand withoutbut without the mark of the manufacturers and origins
29、 packingtrademark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer:It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brandon the package of thecommodity or the commodity itself as buyers request.定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品 牌，这种做法叫定牌生产。Shipping mark:运输标志这种标志又
30、称唛头，通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单 的丈字组成。It is usually made up of geometrical diagrams, letters, figures and simple words. The contents of shipping mark are as follows:.Consignee s code or Consignor s code2. Reference Number3. Destination4. Package numberThe shipping mark also include the contract number,
31、 gross and net weight, origin, etc.Indicative mark:(指示性标志)This kind of mark is used to reminder the relative workers of the items forattentionwhen they load, unload, carry and store the goods, such as handle withcareetc.Warning mark:(警告性标志)It is also called dangerous cargo mark, which is brushed cle
32、arly anddefinitely on the shipping packing of the inflammable, explosive, poisonous, corrosive goods, so as to give warnings to the workers.Commodity InspectionThe inspection of commodities refers to that inspection institutions shouldexamine the quality, quantity, packing, etc. of commodities deliv
33、ered by the sellerin order to make sure thatthe goods are exactly in conformity with the terms of sales contract or thestipulations of documentary credit.International Cargo TransportationThe international cargo transportation refers to the act of the seller delivering thecontractedcargoes at the ag
34、reed time, place and in the agreed manners, to the buyer (Physical deliveryof goods). Actually, in modernbusiness society, internationalcargo transportationalsomeans to transfer the shipping documents at the stipulated time to the buyer (Symbolic delivery of goods).Tramp(Shipping by chartering)租船运输I
35、t means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule ofsailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the shipowner anduses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds:Natural calamities自然灾害They are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g., vi
36、le weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami(/tsuna :mi/)(海啸 ),earthquake, flood,etc.Fortuitous accidents:意外事故They include accidents resulting from unexpected causes, the carryingconveyance being grounded, stranded, or in collision with floating ice or otherobjects, as well as fire or explosion.Actual To
37、tal Loss:实际全损It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.Constructive Total Loss:推定全损It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable orthe cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.General Average:共同海损It refers
38、to a certain special sacrifice and extraexpense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer, andthe owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship.When a ship is in danger, thecaptain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffe rn order to compensatethe spe
39、cial sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.Particular average:单独海损It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree ofthe damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, whichshall be borne by the owner of this individual consi
40、gnment.With particular average (WP .A.)水渍险It covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami,earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A.condition as mentioned above.All risks:一切险Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insuran
41、ce also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partialor total, arising from special additional risks.Additional risks附加险This kind of risk can t be covered independently; They shall be underwrittendepending on one kind of the basic risks.General additional risksSpecial add
42、itional risks一般附加险特殊附加险General Additional RisksIt includes theft,freshandrain waterdamage,shortage,leakage, sweatingandheating intermixtureand contamination,odor,hook damage,breakage of packing,rusting, etc.Special additional risks includesIt includes war risk,strikes riskfailure to delivery,import
43、duty risk,ondeck risk,rejection risk and aflatoxin risk.Insurance Certificate保险凭证It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy.Bill of exchange 汇票A bill of exchange is an unconditiona
44、l order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable further time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to any bearer.The drawer 出票人The per
45、son who draws the bill of exchange and he is usually the exporter or his banker in import or export trade.The drawee 付款人The person who is to pay the money and he is usually the importer or the appointed banker under a letter of credit in import and export trade.The payee 受款人The person who is to rece
46、ive the money, he may be, and often is, the same person as the drawer and he is usually the exporter himself or his appointed banker in business or he may be the bearer of the bill.Drawing (issuing) 出票It means the act of the drawer in filling up the bill of exchange with particulars as to the name o
47、f the drawee, the amount payable, the date of payment and the name of the payee, and after signature, the drawer may present the bill to the drawee through the medium of the payee or a banker.Presentation 提示It refers to the act of the holder of the bill of exchange presenting thebill to the drawee, asking the later either to pay or to accept the bill.The drawee