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1、Cross-cultural Communication,主讲：Dani,Case (案例)1,Ma Dan (马丹) and Michael are classmates in the States. It is only one week before the submission date for a term paper for their class. Unfortunately, Mas computer broke down at this critical time. In order to hand in the paper on time, Ma Dan decided t
2、o borrow Michaels computer for only one day to finish her typing. In,Case 1,order to get an easy “yes” from him, Ma Dan treated Michael to a pizza lunch at Pizza Hut, an expensive eating-place for students like them. At the end of the lunch, Ma Dan asked Michael for a favor: “Michael, my computer br
3、oke down recently.,Case 1,But you know we have to hand in our term paper on time. I wonder if I could borrow your computer this weekend. We are friends, arent we?” To her astonishment, Michael replied, “Yes, we are friends, Dan. But Im afraid Ive got a lot of things I need to type up,Case 1,every da
4、y during these days. I cannot afford to let it go even for a day. I hope I could help you in other ways.” Ma Dan was puzzled and thought: “are we really friends?”,Case 1,Case Analysis(案例分析),Key Words Study,collectivistic culture 集体主义文化 individualistic culture 个人主义文化 relation 关系,independence 独立 equal
5、ity 平等 personal interest 个人利益,Case Analysis,Ma Dan comes from a collectivist uniformity and conformity are stressed.,PK 2,PK 3,Relative case 2,Shan Zhouis a well-established Chinese scholar in civil engineering. He had been cooperating with Paul, an American engineer on a large project. Paul had bee
6、n to China twice for the project. Shan Zhou took great care of him on each visit, arranging everything from accommodation to making sure that one or more of his students would gowith him whenever he needed to do something. Frequently Shan Zhou invited Paul to home for meals or went to restaurants wi
7、th him.,Case 2,He also made arrangements with some of his students to travel around the city with Paul, to help him with shopping, and to socialize with him. Paul was very grateful, but repeatedly told Shan Zhou that he could take care of himself. Yet Shan Zhou continued to be very attentive. Eventu
8、ally, Shan Zhou went to the United States to work with Paul for half a year. Paul picked him up at the airport and took him directly to his temporary accommodations. Paul apologized that he had to go home to take care of his two children, and that he would take Shan Zhou out for dinner some day.,Cas
9、e 2,Shan Zhou did not speak much English and it was his first visit to the States. He felt like a stranger and expected Paul to at least send his students to help him around, like what he had done for Paul in China. But that did not happen. Paul did take him out to a nice restaurant one evening, and
10、 invited him to his home once. Shan Zhou had expected more from Paul, especially after all the help he had given to Paul. He was very disappointed and hurt by Paul, thinking,Case 2,that Paul should at least return the favor he had done to him. Shan Zhou was so hurt that he said to a good friend that
11、 he would not take that much care of Paul any more if he went to China again. In fact, Shan Zhou was so upset that his working relationship with Paul suffered. Paul noticed the change but did not know where the tension came from.,Case 2,Case Analysis(案例分析),Case Analysis,Shan Zhou comes from a collec
12、tivist culture which emphasizes reciprocal（互惠的，互相的） bonds and duties toward in-group members. Paul comes from an individualistic culture which values independence and self-sufficiency. Working with Paul, Shan Zhou considered him as an in-group member, who, away from home, deserved good care from oth
13、er members of the group. So he displayed his over hospitality by arranging everything from,Case Analysis,accommodation to making sure that one or more of his students would go with him whenever he needed to do something or travel around the city. When it was his turn to work in a foreign country, he
14、 expected the same treatment for him, but Paul, as an individualist, believed in independence and thought everybody should take care of himself. Sohe didnt get involved too much withShan Zhous life, besides settling him,Case Analysis,down and inviting him to diner for once. Shan Zhou, not realizing
15、the cultural differences,was disappointed and hurt by Paul. Both Shan Zhou and Paul communicated only from their own cultural perspective and thus caused miscommunication.,Suggestion /Solution(解决方案),Suggestion & Solution,To avoid miscommunication, Shan Zhou and Paul should learn more about each othe
16、rs culture and behave accordingly. As the saying goes, When in Rome, do as the Romans do. I think Shan Zhou could have learned to be more independent and made his own decisions instead of waiting to be taken good care of while in US .,Relative case 3,Wang Lin wore a newly bought coat to work. On the
17、 way, she met with a former customer from the U.K, Lindon Jackson. Lindon complimented her for her beautiful clothes: Lindon: Oh, you looks gorgeous on this coat, Wang!,Case 3,Wang: Not so beautiful. It costs only 100 Yuan. (In fact, it was worth 250 Yuan) Lindon: Oh, really. Where did you get it. I
18、 want to buy one for my wife. Wang: uh. What led Wang Lin into such a dilemma?,Case 3,Case Analysis(案例分析),Case Analysis,This is a typical cross-cultural case based on verbal communication. Wang Lin comes from a collectivistic culture which stresses self-denigration（诋毁）. Lindon Jackson comes from an
19、individualistic culture which features assertiveness. Wang Lin, who wore a newly bought coat, met Lindon Jackson on her way to work. When Lindon Jackson complimented Wang Lin on her coat, Wang Lin reacted by saying,Case Analysis,that her coat was not so beautiful since she, as a collectivist, is acc
20、ustomed to belittle（轻视） everything related to her. Her responses towards compliments are unquestionably appropriated between collectivists. Unlike Wang Lin, Lindon Jackson places great value,Case Analysis,on assertiveness and is encouraged to express personal thoughts and feelings freely. He, theref
21、ore, would inquiry about where to buy the coat and finally led Wang Lin into the dilemma.,Suggestion /Solution(解决方案),Suggestion & Solution,To avoid miscommunication, Wang Lin and Lindon Jackson should learn more about each others culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. Lindon Jackson could r
22、epeat his compliment by saying “it really looks marvelous” and then turn to another topic. He should also understand that self-denigration is one of the key values in collectivism.,Relative case 4,Tang Jun is an exchange student from the China at Kings Secondary School of Bristol. He was invited by
23、one of his classmates John Mill to a dinner to his family. Tang arrived there on time and was shown around by his classmate. When they were enjoying the views in the garden, Johns father Jerry returned from work. John took,Case 4,this opportunity to introduce his classmate to his father, “Jerry, thi
24、s is Tang, a guest from China.” Tang Jun was very surprised and thought John was not polite to his father. What went wrong in this process?,Case 4,Case Analysis(案例分析),Case Analysis,Tang Jun comes from a collectivistic culture which emphasizes deference associated with age in a family hierarchy, whil
25、e John Mill comes from an individualistic culture which stresses equality. Tang Jun, as an exchange student from China, was invited by John Mill to a dinner to his family. In the garden, Tang Jun was very surprised that John Mill used his fathers first name to address him. As Chinese culture,Case An
26、alysis,stresses deference paid to old age, such a way of addressing parents could not be applied in Chinese families. If the Chinese children should do so, it would be regarded as impolite and disrespectful. In contrast, individualists tend to believe in equality in a family. They could address thei
27、r parents by,Case Analysis,their first name without adding a title just like what John Mill did. However, without realizing the cultural differences, Tang Jun did not appreciate John Mills behavior. Both Tang Jun and John Mill communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscom
28、munication.,Suggestion /Solution(解决方案),Suggestion & Solution,To avoid miscommunication, Tang Jun and John Mill should learn more about each others culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. Tang Jun could seize the opportunity to experience the atmosphere of equality in John Mills family. He should also understand that individualists do not value family hierarchy as much as collectivists do. As to John Mill, he could introduce his father by saying “this is my father, Jerry”.,Thank you!&Love you all!,