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1、北京化工大学北方学院NORTH COLLEGE OF BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY外文文献原稿和译文学院：理工学院专业：汽车服务工程学号：080107017姓名：唐韦指导教师：吕铁亮2011年10月外文文献原稿和译文原 稿Measures for Reducing Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust EmissionsTongji University Ni Jimin Chen Lifan(shanghai 20000902)Shanhhai Municipal Bureau of Environment Protectio
2、n Su Guodong Zhang ZhengAbstract The tasks and demands of reducing gasoline vehicle emission and improving atmosphere environment for the government and automobile industries an indicated .The technology for reducing gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions and development and application of the catalytic
3、 converter systems are analyzed .Key words Automobile, Internal combustion engine,Exhaust emissions, Emission control1 IntroductionThe development of the car industry, on the one hand, for human society Economic development provides a convenient condition, on the other hand car waste Gas for human s
4、urvival environment has also brought the increasingly serious Harm. The modern automobile development technology target from users Consider, first is safety, comfort and economy. From the ring The perspective, some of these requirements and low emission method Rules and policies of contradictory. Th
5、is means that the human to steamCar emission control technologies of performance requirements in government (environmental protection) departmentDoor and in automobile industry development is shown on this problem outThe contradiction and mutual coordination.2 Environmental protection and of the dev
6、elopment of automobile industry coordinationIn order to control the car emissions, since the early 70 s on the world to create the automobile exhaust emission regulations (government departments door)，After constant improvement and correction, regulations become more and more strictly. Table 1 list
7、Europe and the us federal government auto emissions regulations of the development process. In fact, sure car exhaust emission regulations limit is not difficult, but the problem is, in order to meet the requirements of the regulations, the auto industry into human, material and financial resources
8、is countless. In addition, the development cycle usually need three to five years. Therefore, in the formulation and implementation of foreign auto emissions regulations, will the next round of the implementation of the regulations time and content, reported that in advanceThe auto industry has enou
9、gh time to take appropriate measures. Therefore in the implementation of laws and regulations will not appear regulations and implementation of the auto industry production and development of the conflict.Recently, some place in domestic enacted or promulgated and implemented new auto emissions stan
10、dards,The relevant departments of the state in the new national standard also specified.The focus of the discussion on these standards is to carry out fixed number of year. From the Angle of environmental protection, in order to and the international community, the implementation of the car as soon
11、as possible strict emissions standards is imperative. But must leave room for the auto industry. Past due to various reasons, even make national standards, in fact no strict enforcement. On the other hand, formulate standards must also have a advance, cant make the automotive industry. Improve the q
12、uality of atmospheric environment is a global problem, from auto industry to see, it is necessary to put into the corresponding human, material and financial resources to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions. If hold fluky psychology the, then, will eventually be out by the market.3 Reduce automobile ex
13、haust emission pollution may wayReduce exhaust of atmosphere pollution can be from the following two aspects.（1）Reduce pollution emissionsReduce emissions is to reduce pollution and automobile exhaust emission, here related to:a.Auto technology. In addition to the engine technology, also related to
14、power automobiles transmission system optimization, and the vehicle technology.b. The road traffic planning and design. Rational planning road, ensure good traffic road conditions and sparse traffic density, reduce automobile engines in idle speed and low load, so can reduce running time of the auto
15、 emissions;c. The car driving conditions. Car in off-design conditions (acceleration, slowing down, idle speed) and emission performance in relatively poor working conditions, the operation will greatly increase emissions. Here except and road traffic factors outside, and drivers driving habits have
16、 closely contact;d. Repair and maintenance. The heavy-duty automobile repair and maintenance is to guarantee the low pollution, one of the important measures.（2）Improve the diffusion and absorption in environmentHere the term car emissions (exhaust, fuel evaporation, the crankcase ventilation, etc)
17、in the atmosphere spread. It involves:a.The geographical environment, such as location, wind power, wind, temperature and light, etc;b. The overall plan of the city, such as city buildings, green, etc.This shows, reduce automobile emissions is not only the auto industry and the environmental protect
18、ion department, still with the vehicle management departments, public security department (the yearly check of vehicle license plate, permit system), the urban planning, the road traffic department are closely linked. Therefore, reduce automobile emissions is a systems engineering, need each departm
19、ent coordinate and work together.4 Reducing gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions measuresDomestic auto emissions in the world of advanced quality and low emission vehicle, there is a certain gap compared. If only on its own technology strength, to shorten in a short time. Therefore, the jumping (the i
20、ntroduction and absorption of advanced technology) measures is feasible, but also need to own development, because a technical measures will not be suitable for all kinds of models for different models, need a lot of matching the experimental research. This needs related department to make reduce au
21、to emissions overall, sustainable planning. From lower auto emissions in terms of technology, according to the domestic and foreign long-term the results of study show that the different technical measures are likely to reduce emissions. But at the same time also can increase the systems complexity
22、and affect other performance. Therefore, must be balanced various performance indicators.Reduce vehicle exhaust emissions not only with engine performance, but also related to power automobiles transmission system matching, optimizing the parameters of the close contact.In addition, also need accord
23、ing to the technical conditions at that time and auto emissions regulations and establish reasonable limit the technical route and research and development strategy. In addition, also need according to the technical conditions at that time and auto emissions regulations and establish reasonable limi
24、t the technical route and research and development strategy. German BMW to our company on the series of vehicle engine emission performance of low development research, for example, from on the whole, ensure power, economy and the premise of comfort, reduce the auto emissions technology lines from t
25、hree aspects:The camshaft adjustment system;The mixture formation measures;The gasoline engine control strategy. In view of the different models and the scope of application of requirements, take different approaches.4 cylinder machine seriesThis type of the main requirements is low and medium speed
26、 range reduced emissions, reduce noise and fuel consumption, and ensure that the dynamic performance of the higher driving. For this, the through the expansion tank and increase the trip in order to increase emissions; Optimization air intake system; Further development and improvement of the gasoli
27、ne engine control functions and technology measures.6 cylinder machine seriesFor this series of vehicle gasoline engine is required in the low speed and user commonly used speed range has large torque, can meet the LEV and European emissions of EU requirements, but also reduce the noise and fuel con
28、sumption. Therefore, the exhaust all the camshaft variable timing control system; In the secondary air cylinder head integrated channel; The characteristics of field control cooling medium temperature control system; The inlet resonance system. Near the gasoline engine exhaust chamber should Lord ca
29、talytic converter structure.V model 8 cylinder engineV model 8 cylinder engine the gasoline engine for the BMW 5, 7 series models, the requirements to senior is further reduce emissions and fuel consumption, noise, and to ensure that the corresponding models of high power safety. Therefore, in 6 cyl
30、inder machine, and on the basis of using modern technology, such as the timing of the variable air intake system, adjust the camshaft with liquid cooled generator and the transmission oil and water heat exchanger, and close to the gasoline engine before technology such as catalytic converter.Using t
31、he inlet valve control system of the variable CAM, NOx in the steady-state can reduce by 50%, through the internal recycling HC gas down by 10%. In the warm-up phase, through the camshaft phase adjustment and put off the ignition can greatly improve the exhaust temperature, so as to reduce HC emissi
32、ons.V model 12 cylinder engineFor lower V type 12 cylinder engine HC emissions purpose, in V type 8 cylinders of the gasoline engine based on technology, and then using air around the injector and the characteristics of temperature and cooling medium field control method. In addition, also introduce
33、d a new concept of the waste gas purification, HC adsorption device, electrical heating catalytic converter and the traditional three-way catalytic converter and secondary air system combination technology.It is because of various models of emissions levels of emissions requirements and the differen
34、ce, so used different technical measures to coordinate, compared to solve the vehicle emissions caused by the lower cost increases and other performance could fall of conflict.5 To satisfy the more stringent emission regulations exhaust after-treatment technology developmentTraditional catalytic con
35、verter light-off temperature 250 to 300 in usually in gasoline engine, the cold start after 2 min or so time to reach the catalytic converter can temperature, and right now the exhaust fumes have accounted for about 80% of the total amount of circulation. Facing the more strict emissions regulations
36、 the LEV and European emissions of EU requirements. Therefore, to improve the cold start when the performance and shorten the catalytic converter purification to light-off temperature of the time became research and development goals. Therefore, can use such as stepless adjusting system, the camshaf
37、t exhaust air intake system controlled, delay the ignition, to improve the combustion stability and secondary air system and the waste gas aftertreatment systems, etc.6 conclusionFrom the above analysis, we can see that reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and development of the technology of closely re
38、lated. The course of development and also by auto emissions regulations restrict, the coordination aspects in the contradiction is not. In addition, car emissions by many parameters constraints. Through the car design, the gasoline engine performance design, control system and coordination, will be
39、more and more complicated by the system to meet SULEV like ULEV and EU and EU and strict regulation limits of requirements. Design and waste gas aftertreatment systems design of the overall planningReference1 Ni JiMin. Auto emissions standards, the implementation of small internal combustion engines
40、.1996，（1）.2 Ni JiMin. Car hybrid engine, Tongji university press,11.1998.3 liqin. Generations of internal combustion engine exhaust pollutants measurement and control. Mechanical industry press.12.1998.译 文降低汽油车废气排放的措施同济大学 倪计民 陈礼上海市环境保护局 苏国 栋张政（上海20090902）摘要 本文提出了为降低汽油车废气排放，改善大气环境，政府部门和企业所面临的任务和要求；分析
41、了降低汽油车废气排放技术、催化转化系统的开发和应用。关键词 汽车 汽油机 废气排放 排放控制1 前言汽车工业的发展，一方面为人类社会的经济发展提供了便利条件，另一方面汽车废气对人类赖以生存的环境也带来了日益严重的危害。现代汽车开发技术目标从用户方面考虑，首先安全性、舒适性和经济性。从环保角度看，这些要求中的部分是与低排放法规和政策相矛盾的。这也就是说，人类对汽车排放控制技术的要求表现在政府（环保）部门与在汽车工业发展这个问题上所显示出来的矛盾性和相互间的协调性。2 环境保护和汽车工业发展的协调为了控制汽车废气排放，自70年代初期起世界上创建了汽车废气排放法规（政府部门），经过不断的完善和修正，
42、法规变得越来越严格。表& 列出欧洲和美国联邦政府汽车废气排放法规的发展进程。实际上，确定汽车排放法规的极限值并不难，但问题是，为了满足法规的要求，汽车工业所投入的人力、物力和财力是不计其数的。此外，研究开发周期通常需要3年 5 年的时间。为此，国外在制定和实施汽车废气排放法规时，都将下一轮法规的实施时间和内容预先通报，使得汽车工业有足够的时间采取相应的技术措施。因此，在实施法规时就不会出现法规的实施与汽车工业生产和发展的矛盾。最近，国内一些地方在制定或颁布实施新的汽车废气排放标准，国家有关部门也在制定新的国家标准。对这些标准讨论的焦点就是实施年限问题。从环保的角度，为了与国际接轨，尽快实施严格
43、的汽车废气排放标准势在必行。但必须给汽车工业留有余地。以往由于种种原因，即使制定了国家标准，实际上也没有严格地执行。另一方面，制定标准时也必须有“超前意识”，不能使汽车工业面对汽车排放标准束手无策。改善环境大气质量是一个全球性的问题，从汽车工业来看，有必要投入相应的人力、物力和财力致力于降低汽车废气排放。如果抱着侥幸的心理，那么，最终将会被市场所淘汰。3 减少汽车废气排放污染的可能途径降低汽车废气对大气环境的污染可以从以下两方面入手。（1）降低污染源排放量降低污染源排放量也就是降低汽车废气的排放，这里涉及到：a.汽车技术。除了发动机技术外，还涉及到汽车动力传动系的优化匹配，以及整车技术；b.交
44、通道路的规划设计。合理地规划道路，保证良好的交通道路状况和稀疏的车流密度，减少汽车发动机在怠速和低负荷下运行时间，因而可以减少汽车废气排放；c. 汽车的行驶状况。汽车在变工况（加速、减速、怠速）和在排放性能相对较差工况下运行时，其排放量会大大地增大。这里除了与道路交通因素相关外，与驾驶员的行车习惯也有密切地联系；d. 维修和保养。在用车的维修和保养是保证汽车低污染的重要措施之一。（2）改善在环境中的扩散和吸收这里主要指汽车排放物（排气、燃油蒸发、曲轴箱通风等）在大气中的扩散。它涉及到：a.地理环境如地理位置、风力、风向、温度以及光照度等；b. 城市的总体规划，如城市建筑物、绿化等。由此可见，降
45、低汽车废气排放不仅仅是汽车工业和环保部门的事，还与车辆管理部门、公安部门（车辆的年检、上牌照许可证制度）、城市规划、道路交通等部门有密切的联系。因此，降低汽车废气排放是一个系统工程，需要各部门协调和共同努力。4 降低汽油车废气排放的技术措施国内的汽车废气排放质量与世界上先进的低排放汽车相比，还有一定的差距。如果仅靠自己的技术力量，要在短时间内缩短这种差距是有一定难度的。为此，采用“跳跃式”（即引进和吸收先进的技术）的措施是可行的，但也需要自主开发，因为一种技术措施不可能适合于各种机型，需要针对不同机型进行大量的匹配试验研究。这就需要相关的部门制定降低汽车废气排放总体的、可持续的规划。从降低汽车
46、废气排放技术方面看，根据国内外长期的研究结果表明，采用不同的技术措施都有可能减少排放。但同时也会增加系统的复杂性和影响其他性能。因此，必须兼顾各种性能指标。降低汽车废气排放不仅与发动机性能有关，而且与汽车动力传动系的匹配、整车参数的优化有着密切的联系。另外，也需要根据当时的技术状况及汽车废气排放法规的限制而制定合理的技术路线和研究开发策略。以德国宝马公司对其车用系列汽油机的低排放性能开发研究为例，从总体上，在保证动力性、经济性和舒适性的前提下，降低汽车废气排放的技术线路从以下三方面入手：凸轮轴调节系统；混合气形成措施；汽油机的控制策略。针对不同的机型和应用范围的要求，采取不同的方法。（1）4
47、缸机系列对这种机型的主要要求是降低低速和中速范围的排放，降低噪声和油耗，同时保证更高的行驶动力性能。就此而言，采用了通过扩缸和加大行程以增大排量；优化进气系统；进一步开发和完善汽油机的控制功能等技术措施。（2）6 缸机系列对于这个系列车用汽油机的要求是在低速和用户常用转速范围内具有较大的扭矩，能满足美国LEV 和欧洲EU的排放要求，同时降低噪声和油耗。为此，采用了进排气正时全可变的凸轮轴调节系统；在缸盖上集成二次空气通道；采用特性场控制的冷却介质温度控制系统；采用进气谐振系统和形成紊流的进气系统；应用倾斜喷射的喷油器；采用靠近汽油机排气容腔的主催化转化器结构；E-Gas汽油机控制功能的扩展等技
48、术措施。（3）V 型 8 缸汽油机V 型 8 缸汽油机用于宝马公司的5、 7系列高级车型上，其要求是进一步降低排放、噪声和油耗，同时要保证相应车型高功率时的安全性。为此，在 6 缸机的基础上，采用了现代技术，如采用进气正时全可变的凸轮轴调节系统、采用液体冷却的发电机和变速器油水热交换器、以及靠近汽油机的前催化转化器等技术。采用进气门全可变的凸轮调节系统时，NOx在稳态时可以降低50%，通过内部的废气再循环HC可降低10%。在暖机阶段，通过凸轮轴相位调节和推迟点火可明显地提高废气温度，从而减少HC的排放量。（4）V 型 12 缸汽油机出于降低 V 型 12 缸汽油机 HC 排放的目的，在 V 型 8 缸汽油机的技术基础上，再采用空气环绕的喷油器以及特性场控制冷却介质温度等方法。另外，还引入了新的废气净化概念，如 HC 吸附器、电加热催化转化器及传统的三效催化转化器与二次空气系统的组合技术。正是由于各种车型的废气排放水平和对废气排放要求的差异，所以采用了不同的技术措施，从而比较协调地解决了降低汽车排放所引起的费用增大和