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1、代词代词可以分为下列九类1 人称代词 2 物主代词3 反身代词4. 相互代词5. 指示代词6. 疑问代词7. 关系代词8. 连接代词 9 不定代词一 人称代词 英语中主要有以下这些人称代词：数单数复数格人称一二三一二三主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem人称代词做主语时用主格，做宾语时用宾格。在作表语时，用宾格较多，例如：Who is knocking at the door? - Itsme.但在强调结构中却常用主格：It is I that who will love you from beginning to end
2、.在使用人称代词时有下面几点值得注意：1） she 可以用来代表国家，船只，大地，月亮等。e.g. I think England will do what she promised to do.2) 在并列的主语中，I 总放在最后。e.g. Mary and I will be in charge of the case. You,she and I ,who are all good friends,should love one another from the bottom of our heart forever.3) 第三人称，男女两性并用时，男先女后。e.g. He and sh
3、e still don tagree to the plan.二 物主代词 英语中主要有下列这些物主代词：类型 我的你的他（她，它）我们的你们的他们的词义的形容词性物主代词myyourHis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyoursHis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs1. 形容词性的物主代词只能作定语，如I am going to my home village to see my parents this weekend.2.名词性的物主代词可以作：（注：形代具名名代，形代在句中其后必有具体的名词。）1) 主语Ours is a big
4、 family.2）宾语 The life in your country is quite different from ours.3）表语 Whose dictionary is this? -it s mine.4） “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语That car of hers is always breaking down.= Her car is .三 反身代词单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfItself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves1这些词可用来：(注：主宾一致的情况下往往用反身代词充当宾语。)1） 作宾语 I
5、cantexpress myself in English.2) 作表语 I am not quite myself these days.3）作主语或宾语的同位语The theory itself is all right.在作同位语时，自身代词常译作“本人”或“亲自”They must make investigation themselves. 他们必须亲自作调查。与 by oneself 较难区分by oneself 译为“一个人干（不要别人帮助）”They made the machine all by themselves.这机器完全是他们自己制造的。2自身代词常和某些动词连用en
6、joy oneself, behave oneself( 使自己举止良好),help yourself to sth.请吃点 .Come to oneself 苏醒3常与某些介词连用by oneself 一个人做（不要别人帮助）for oneself 替自己，自己He has a right to decide for himself.他有权自己决定。in oneself 本身This is not a bad idea in itself.这主意本身并不错。to oneself 供自己用She had a room to herself.她自己住一间房。四 相互代词One another 与
7、 each other 由于表示相互关系，称为相互代词，两者的用法是差不多的。We can help one another (each other).We are eager to learn from each other.五 指示代词有 this, that, these, those.注意：1 前面刚提到的东西，英语中常用that (或 those)表示。e.g. We have no time to do it. That s our trouble . The umbrella you bought yesterday is cheaper than that I bought a
8、 moment ago.1 Generally speaking,the weather in the south is warmer than that in the north.(注： that 指代可单 the one，亦可指代抽象的不可数名词。)2. 指下面要谈到的事物时，常用this, 表示。I want to know this: has John been here?3 those 在下面的这种类型的句子里常出现，表示人们或东西（后面多有一定定语修饰）Those who learn not only from books but also through practice wil
9、l succeed. The students in Class 1 are more active than those in Class 2.六 疑问代词.(注： those 指代可数名词的复数 the ones。 )有 who, whom, whose, what, which都是来构成特殊问句的。Who 通常做主语和表语，whom 做宾语。1 what, who 一般来说， what问的是职业或地位， who 问的是姓名。-What was her husband?- He was a lawyer.比较 - who was her husband?- He was John Smit
10、h, the son of a famous writer.2 which, whatWhich 用于已知情况的选择，其后可以跟of, 而 what 用于未知情况的疑问，其后不能跟of.What fruit do you like best?Which do you like better, oranges or apples?3 在以这类代词做主语时，后面的动词可以用复数形式，也可以用单数形式，要看所代表的人或物是复数还是单数来决定。e.g. Who live(s) in this room?如果不清楚代表的东西是复数还是单数，则动词多用单数形式。-What s there on the d
11、esk?- There resome books on it.七 .连接代词： 疑问代词都可以用作连接代词，来引起主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句。（注：不管何种从句我们的原则是“缺什么补什么”且语序要用陈述语序，即引导词位于句首其后的语序用主谓系结构，that 只有引导定语从句才在定从中充当句子成分其它任何情况下均不充当句子成分，只起引导词的作用，若“句意完整无疑问”我们用that 引导名词性从句，若含“是否之意又不缺句子成分”用if whether 引导名从）。 Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. What I really care
12、 about is whether it works or not. That china is a great socialist country is well known. The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. I did n t know what had happened until he told me the news. After 5 hours drive,they got to what they thought was the place they had been dreaming of. When wil
13、l the person who you think is up to the task come to work? How he worked it out is still a secret.代词 what 有时可以用来表示the thing which 这种意思。We should never pretend to know what we don tknow.2 who(m), which, what等可以和ever 构成合成词，和前面所提到的疑问代词一样，引导名从。whatever =anything everything that 或 any , whichever (=anyon
14、e who anything that )whoever(=anyone who) , whomever (=anyone whom)whosever( anyone whose) 等可用于引导名词性从句。这类引导词均相当于“先行词关系代词”，没有疑问语气，但没有ever 的引导词which, who 等却依含有疑问意味。如： The poor young man is ready to accept whatever (=any) help he can get. 那个年青人意愿接受能得到的任何帮助。 Whoever (=Anyone who) comes will be welcome.
15、任何人来都欢迎。 This kind of book is of great help to whoever wants to do the job. 你们之中谁想要，我就给谁。 You should give it back to whosever ( anyone whose)name is on the cover of the book.注：这类词也可引导状语从句，可用“no matter+ 疑问词 ”替换，“ no matter+ 疑问词 ”只引导让步状语从句且用逗号和主句隔开。 如：Whoever (=No matter who) you are, you can t pass不t
16、his管你way是谁.，你都不能从这里通过. will come to help with my English hasn t been decided.A .No matter whoB.WhoeverC.Whatever D.Who案 D 只有 D 带有疑问口气 .八 不定代词：英语中有下面这些不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no.以及一些复合不定代词，如：anyone, anybody, anything
17、, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everything, nobody, nothing.1.some, any 和 no 的用法1). some /any+可数名词复数 /不可数名词2). some 用于肯定句或期待肯定应答的疑问句。 any 用于疑问句或否定句，在肯定句中表示“任何一个” Would you like some tea?You can ask me if you have any questions.23). some of + 代词宾格复数 + the + 名词复数I know some of them, but not
18、all.（注：当 any 及 any 系列词表任何之意时可用在肯定句，如：Anything may happen in the world, which is commenin our real life. ）4). no+ 可数名词 /不可数名词no=not a/not anyI have no car.( I have not a car.)We had no bread for breakfast. (We had not any bread for breakfast.)Exercise : Fill in the blanks with some, any or no1). I as
19、ked her for _ _ paper, but she didn t havesome . any2). Would you like to have _ bananas? Yes, Isomedlike to.3). Lucy has _ bike and she often ridesher sister s bikeno.4). _ of the plants grow well.Some5). There is _ air on the moon.noThere isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _ for me?A any
20、; someB any; anyC some; someD some; any A2.few, a few, little, a little 的用法：词 类目含义语气修饰或代替的名词few很少几个否定复数可数名词a few有几个肯定复数可数名词little很少，不多否定不可数名词a little有一点肯定不可数名词Exercise:1). Ihavea little good friendsinour class.(改错 )a little-a fewABCD2). There is little water in the bottle, _?(补全反意疑问句)isthere3) There
21、 is _ water here; but there are quite _ empty glasses.A little; a fewB few; littleC few; a fewD little; a littleA4). Kate is a nice girl. She says _ but do much.A. fewB. a fewC. littleD. a littlec3.some， any, no, every 与 -thing ， -body ， -one 构成的合成词的用法some， any 与 -thing ， -body ，-one 构成的合成词的用法与some，
22、 any 一样。something, somebody 和 someone 用于肯定句anything, anybody 和 anyone 用于否定句或疑问句注意：1).这些代词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：Everything is hard at the beginning.2). something ，anything ， nothing 三者跟形容词时,形容词要放在它们的后面。Be quiet! I have _ to tell you.A important anything B anything importantC important somethingD somethi
23、ng importantD4.both 和 all 的用法：1). both “两者都” ；all “三者或以上都”2). both+ 名词复数Both suggestions are good.both of + 代词宾格复数Both of my parents are healthy.both of + the+ 名词复数3). all + the+ 名词复数 /不可数名词All the oil has been used up.all of+代词宾格复数All of them go to the movies.all of + the+ 名词复数All of the windows ar
24、e open.5.both, either和 neither 的用法：both：指两者都，肯定。后面的名词要用复数，谓语动词用复数。either：指两者中的任意一个。后面的名词要用单数，谓语动词用单数。neither：指两者中没有一个，全否定。后面的名词要用单数，谓语动词用单数。例如 :My brother and I saw 2 movies last night,neither of which was interesting.both and作主语时 ,谓语动词用复数形式.either or“不是就是; 或者或者”.连接的并列结构作主语时,谓语坚持就近原则neither nor“既不又不
25、Exercise:1).Both Li Ping and I _ (be) students.are32).Neither Li Ping nor I _ (be) a student.am3).Either this answer or that answer _ (be) correct. is4).Both (of them) _ (enjoy) the rice.enjoy5). They were all asleep. _ of them heard the sound.A. AllB. BothC. NoneD. Neitherc6).-May I use your pen?-Y
26、es, here are two and you can use _ of them.A. bothB. everyC. anyD. eitherd7). Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk ?_, thanks. I d just like a cup of teaA.EitherB. NeitherC. BothD. Noneb8) There are some trees on _ side of the street.A bothB allC EitherD everyC6.each 和 every 的
27、用法：1).each 强调个体 (指一定数目的两者或两者以上，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。做主语谓语动词用单数。)every 强调“全体” ,只能作定语 (后面必须跟着名词，指不定数目中的每一个)。Each boy and each girl works hard every day in order to enter the dreamy college。Each side of the street has a lot of trees.Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。Not every man is honest.On _ side of the s
28、treet there are shops and restaurants.eachOn _ side of the square there are tall buildings.Each/every3). every 还可以表示“每隔 的；每 中的”Every year or two 每一两年 every other day 每隔一天4). and 连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education
29、.Exercise:1). - How often are the Olympic Games held?- _ four years.A. EveryB. EachC. InD. ForA2). There are many trees on _ side of the street.A. allB. everyC. neitherD. eachd3). _ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can look up words in the dictionaryA Each; everyB Every; eachCEach; eachD E
30、very; everya4).There are lots of English books here, and _ of them is easy to understand.A bothB allC everyD eachD5) _ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can lookup words in the dictionary.A Each; every B Every; eachC Each; eachD Every; everyA改错：1). I gave a present to every of her parents .
31、every 改 each2). There are lots of English books here, and every of them is easy to understand. every 改 each7.one, (the) other , (the) others和 another 的用法1). one:一个 ,代指前面出现过的同类可数名词，复数为ones。2). another 经常指三者或三者以上中的另一个，意思是“另外一个表在原有基础上的又，再 ”，是泛指。 I don tlike this coat.Show me another, please.another +数字
32、 +复数名词：另外几个We need another 3 plates.3).other 表示“另外的” ，只作定语 ;other+名词复数 =others (没有范围限定）当 other 前 no, any, some 等词时，可接单数形式。e.g. any other plant,some other day(改天 )， no other choice.4).the other,两者中的另一个。常与one 连用，构成 one the other (一个。另一个 )5).others 泛指别的人或物，是other 的复数形式，泛指别的人或物（但不是全部，全部是“the others”） e.
33、g. some others6).the others 特指其余的人或物,是 the other 的复数形式。Exercise:用 another 和 other、 others1). Lei Feng is always ready to help _.others2). Some are planting trees, some are carrying water, and _ are watering the trees .others3). I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red , the _ are blue.others4). S
34、he held a pen in one hand and his notebook in the _.other5). I have read three stories. Idll go on to rea.Others/another6). Can I have _ three cakes?another7). The red T-shirts are more expensive than the white _.OneThese sweaters are too small for me. Please show me _ one.A otherB othersC the other
35、sD anotherDThere are twenty teachers in this grade Eight of them are women teachers and _ are men teachers.A the otherB the othersC others DotherB8. none, no one, nothing的用法区别41).no one=nobody只能指人，但不具体指什么人。不与of 连用；谓语动词用单数；表示 “什么人也没有 ”，一般用来回答who,及含 anyone, anybody 引起的疑问句。No one like a person with bad
36、 manners. Who is in the room? No one. Is there anyone in the room? No one.2).none(一个都没有，一点都没有，强调数量)可与 of 连用，具体指什么人或物；谓语动词用单或复数；指的是三者或三者以上的人或物中没有一个 “,代指上文提到的事物，含特指概念。暗示一种数量，即指数量上“一个也没有 ”。一般用来回答how many +n, how much +n 及含 any +n 引起的疑问句。请看：None of us have/has seen him.He wants me to lend him some money
37、, but I have none at hand. （特指前面提到的钱） How many students are there in the room? None. How much money do you have on you? None. Is there any water in the bottle? None.3).nothing指物 ,泛指；谓语用单数；强调内容。一般用来回答含anything 的一般问句及what 引起的特殊问句。He felt hungry, but he could find nothing to eat in the kitchen.（泛指所有吃的东
38、西，不是特指某一种） What is in the box? Nothing. Is there anything in the sky? Nothing. Can you see anything without glasses? Nothing.下面的顺口溜将帮你记得更清楚。No one 与 none 好分辨。 /具体人，物把none 填。不知何人与何物，/No one ， nothing 是一路。No one 人 nothing 物， /保你不会出错误。Exercise :1.There is _ in the room. no one2._ of the students is afr
39、aid of difficulties .None3. -How many fish did you catch? None -_.4.-Who is in the classroom?-_. No one=NobodyThey were all very tired, but _ of them would stop to take a rest.A anyB SomeC noneD neitherC9. 全部否定和部分否定1）.All, both, everyone, everybody, everything和 every 加名词都表示全部肯定，no one, none, nobody,
40、 nothing, notany 和 no+名词都表示全部否定；但当not 出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管 not 在他们之前还是之后都表示部分否定；e.g. Both of them haven tread this story. (not 在后 ) 他们两人并没有都看过这个故事。 only one of them has read this story.All bamboo doesn tgrow tall=not all bamboo grows tall.并非所有竹子都长得高。全部否定的例子：all of the boys are clever, but none of
41、 them can work out this problem.2） 总括性副词如everywhere, always, altogether, wholly 和 not 连用时，也表示部分否定。Such a thing cantbe found everywhere.这种事并非到处可见。 （部分否定）Such a thing can be found nowhere. 这种事什么地方也见不到。（全否）It 作代词时一般替代前面提到的同一事物，可以代替单数可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。ONE 用来代替同类事物中的一个，只可代替可数名词，表示同类泛指，复数形式是ones，有时 one 可以有修饰词。THAT用来代替同类事物中的特指的一个，表示同类特指，即可代替单数名词（替代可数名词用those）也可替代不