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1、By Group 7,Context & Language Understanding,1,英语语言学-语境文化,Contents,目录,2,英语语言学-语境文化,Definition of Context,1. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.
2、 2. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.,3,英语语言学-语境文化,1.According to the passage, what does “ discriminate” in paragraph 1 mean?A. disti
3、nguish B. show prejudice C. recognize,4,英语语言学-语境文化,“好人“,5,英语语言学-语境文化,Types of Context,6,英语语言学-语境文化,Linguistic Context,Definition: it is the linguistic environment, in which a linguistic unit is used. a. Lexical context. This context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question.
4、The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring words. b.Grammatical context In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.,7,英语语言学-语境文化,Examples,paper,a white paper,todays paper,examination paper,government document,newspaper,a
5、set of questions used as an examination,8,英语语言学-语境文化,Verb “ become ”,E.g. She became very nervous about the result of the exam.,E.g. This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position.,E.g. What will become of you if the company goes bankrupt?,9,英语语言学-语境文化,Extra-linguistic context,Defini
6、tion: it is context beyond language but physical situation, in which the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.,10,英语语言学-语境文化,Rules of context in language understanding,11,英语语言学-语境文化,Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. When a word with multiple meanings is used
7、 in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.,Elimination of Ambiguity:,E.g. He is a hard businessman.,Difficult He is a hard businessman to deal with. Hardworking He is a hard man in his work.,Revise:,12,英语语言学-语境文化,Indication of Referents,English has a large number of words such as now/then, here/t
8、here, I/you, this/that, which are often used to refer directly to people, time, place, etc. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing. Eg. I am not here now. - usually we would say, “I am not there now” or “I am not here then”,In the situation where I say it into the recorder of a t
9、elephone answering machine, the “now” will apply to any time someone calls me,13,英语语言学-语境文化,Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning,Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author
10、generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. Eg. This place had most of the usual amenities: a library, a post office, a hall and a school. Though he was wearing souwester（水手帽）, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through. ( sth. Which
11、is worn by people in storm ),14,英语语言学-语境文化,Exercise,Define the meaning of the word in these sentences. 1.If you bring over your bicycle, I will fix it for you. 2.He is in a terrible fix. Define the meaning of the sentence. Look at the dog with one eye. （1）Look at the dog using only one of your eyes.
12、 （2）Look at the dog that only has one eye.,repair,situation,15,英语语言学-语境文化,Context and translation,.语言语境中上下文对翻译的影响 英语中有很多多义词， 在不同的语境中， 意思也不同，这时我们需要根据上下文来确定词义。 E.g.“Theres no love lost between us”,16,英语语言学-语境文化,试比较如下： （1）I never had much in seeing you. There was no love lost between us at any time. I
13、think. 译文：我向来不大想看到你，咱们俩人之间大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。 （2）We grumble a little now and then，Be sure. But Theres no love lost between us. 译文：当然喽，我们有时也免不了争论几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱的。,17,英语语言学-语境文化,非语言语境中民族文化语境对翻译的影响 历史文化的不同往往会导致交流障碍，因此在翻译过程中，译者应深入了解不同文化的不同之处，在译文中尽可能表达原文思想，同时又要考虑读者能否接受。 （1）You are a lucky dog.,你是一条幸运的狗。,美：狗是宠物是
14、伙伴。 中：狗带贬义色彩，如走狗，狗仗人势，狼心狗肺,正译：你是幸运儿,18,英语语言学-语境文化,Significance of context,As most words are polysemic（一词多义的）, without context there is no way to determine the meaning of a word. With context there is generally no danger of mistranslation or misinterpretation.,Suggestion：Always take contextual factors into account when we try to understand the language!,19,英语语言学-语境文化,THANKS,NAME,20,英语语言学-语境文化,