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1、 本科生毕业设计（论文）( 2008届 ) 题 目： 英语“同词反义”现象及其翻译初探 学 院： 外 国 语 学 院 专 业： 英 语 学生姓名： 学号： 04096111 指导教师： 职称： 讲师 合作导师： 职称： 完成时间： 2008 年 6 月 成 绩： 浙江师范大学本科毕业设计(论文)正文目 录Abstract1摘要2Outline3提纲41. IntroductionXX2. Sources of Formation of “Enantiosemy”XX3. Classification of “Enantiosemy”XX 3.1 The Angle of Synchronic
2、Linguistics XX 3.2 The Angle of Diachronic LinguisticsXX 3.3 Words with AppraisementXX 4. Translation of “Enantiosemy”XX 4.1 DisambiguationXX 4.2 MaintenanceXX 4.3 TransformationXX 5. ConclusionXX Works CitedXX “Enantiosemy” in English and Its E-C TranslationLin LiAbstract: This paper firstly introd
3、uces the definition of “Enantiosemy” and elaborates the development of the phenomenon and the foreign studies. Next it proposes the causes of “Enantiosemy” according to the recent reseaches. By listing enough instances, it then classifies “Enantiosemy” into three kinds. It finally discusses some pos
4、sible translation-tips in its E-C renderings.Key words: Enantiosemy; classify; E-C translation英语“同词反义”现象及其翻译初探*摘要: 本文首先引进了关于“同词反义”现象的概念，阐述了“同词反义”现象的发展进程以及一些国外已有研究。接着依据相关史料记载以及文献背景，提出“同词反义”现象的成因。根据材料，例证引述，将“同词反义”现象划分为三大类。最后讨论、提出了关于“同词反义”现象在英汉翻译中应秉持的一些要点及原则。关键词：同词反义；分类；英汉翻译 “Enantiosemy” in English an
5、d Its E-C TranslationFLC 2004（08）（English）Lin LiTutor: Chen Yonghua1. IntroductionTo begin with I will provide an example to commence my paper. “I saw a play yesterday. Its terrific! This sentence can be understood in two ways: the movie was excellent or it was terrible to see. Here, the key point w
6、hich causes the distinctness is the word “terrific”, which contains two entirely opposite meanings. Also, therere an army of these words used widely in peoples daily life. The words of this kind, in English linguistics, called “Enantiosemy”. It refers to a word which contains two opposite meanings.
7、In English, linguists also gave the existence a name called “Enantiosemy” in English. Nowadays, according to牛津语言学词典(1997), it is defined as “A case of polysemy in which one sense is in some respect the opposite of another.”In order to reduce the frictions during the intercourse or translation betwee
8、n persons having dissimilar cultures, this paper will first discuss the sources of the formation of “Enantiosemy”, then examine the classification of “Enantiosemy”, and finally explore the translation tips while facing such cases in daily life.2. Sources of Formation of “Enantiosemy”“Enantiosemy”, a
9、s a special linguistic phenomenon, is one of the notable formats in semantics. It is an exceptional form in the system of semantics, especially in polysemy and ambivalent words. As the ancient Chinese people firstly studied Fanxun to be a subject, it might be the first and oldest name of “Enantiosem
10、y”. It is a lingual phenomenon, truly exists in almost every language-system. The ancient Chinese people have already captured the fact and paid more attention on this aspect, which has its name of “Fanxun” in Chinese. But I doubted what the proper term for this phenomenon is, and made a call for ot
11、her examples of this phenomenon in English, Chinese, and other languages. Additionally, I asked whether a phenomenon that can be rightfully classed with other regular forms of polysemy (metonymy, metaphor) and language change, or is it always a curious accident.Finally, I collected six established n
12、ames for “auto-antonymy”, which christen by the former linguists: Dirk Geeraerts writes that the phenomenon “is known in the older tradition of historical semantics as antiphrasis or enantiosemy. Miriam Schlesinger and M. Lynne Murphy noted that such words are sometimes called “Janus Word”, after th
13、e two-faced Greek mythic figure; Larry Horn, renowned historian of negation, said the phenomenon had been dubbed “antilogy” by John Train in his 1980 book “remarkable Words With Astonishing Origins” and “enantiodromia”, which was given from David Gamon, was offered for the diachronic process of acqu
14、iring an “opposite” meaning. All the information above I got was from Mr. Alex Eulenberg by email. In the first place, lets review some relevant discovers related to the early period of “Enantiosemy”: St Isidore of Seville may well be the source of “lucus a non lucendo,” as Paul Werth suggests; Leps
15、chy, in his book when taking comments on the ideas of Abels, described the coincidences of the words which were particularly frequent in the early stages of languages had already got its place during the long tradition in almost every language systems: to the medieval Jewish grammarians discussions
16、on parallel phenomena in Hebrew, to Christian biblical scholars who at least since the 17th century examine cases of “enantiosemy” in the Sacred, classical, and modern languages, Hebrew “berekh” means he blessed and he cursed; Greek “argos” means swift and slow; Latin “Altus” means high and deep; th
17、e German romantics, in the first part of the 19th century, meditated on opposite meanings, “aufheben”, Hegels comments on a key term in his logic, means both to eliminate and to preserve( Lepschy, A Survey of Structural Linguistics: Faber and Faber 28-29).Does it happen by pure chances or could it b
18、e explained in terms of cognitive mapping? As concerning on the causes of formation, there are several scholars who have discussed and summarized this facet before. By summing up their achievements as a whole, however, the general sources can be unified in four aspects as follows:First of all, the d
19、ialectic unity, which means the oneness in the contradictory of an object, is a basic concept of the philosophical categories. The rule makes the essence of “Enantiosemy” a special and distinguishable representation and tells the origin.The second is from the words meanings. When we look up any word
20、 in a dictionary, we will find that almost every word has several items, at least more than one. But each word only has one primary meaning in the beginning. As the society and civilization progresses, the words significations enlarge a lot, and are more diversiform than it used to be. The very key
21、lies in that some words primevally have their original meanings very indistinct. After such long time, the items of some words, especially the Enantiosemy, turn into the current forms we see today.Table 1. Some examples in variances of the meanings (Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) web1
22、913Original meaningItems list in the dictionary nowTerrificVery bad: frightfulVery bad: frightful; Extraordinary; magnificentDeserveTo be worthy of: meritTo be worthy of: merit; To be worthy of (something due, either good or evil）InhabitedNot habitableNot habitable; Having inhabitants, lived inFurth
23、ermore, the direct inducements of sudden language situations makes it, “Enantiosemy”, becomes a real existent farther. Such direct inducements impulse the words meanings, which have already mentioned above.Also the causes of formation were steered by human psychological factors, such as mores, habit
24、s, and humans instantaneous feelings etc.Trace to its source, objectivity dominates the subjective thinking. Hence, we can say the inherent headspring of “Enantiosemy” in being and developing comes from contradictory unity. We could not change the indwelling character deeply in the heart of “Enantio
25、semy” and some irreformable facets, such as customs, mores etc. but we could alter the changeable exterior conditions to overcome them, which would been referred to in section 4. 3. Classification of “Enantiosemy”This section devoted on the classifications of this phenomenon. There have been a lot o
26、f editions on the aspect of “Enantiosemy”, which are depending on different standards and considerations. Above all, a brief review of the great former academician, Jules Levin, is given with great regard to the type or the class of “Enantiosemy” with at least three members:1) Words that mean both m
27、ovement and inability to move. Examples like fast, bolt, and bound;2) The last word yielded one of the all-time great movie song lyric puns, from the Title of “Road to Morroco”: “Like Websters Dictionary, were Morroco-bound”;3) Also the following word has not been mentioned: It now seems to mean to
28、both illuminate, clarify, and also to cast a shadow over With a view to the English linguistic scholars in China, they put more attentions and pivots on the distinguishability of the part of speech, the opposite meanings in a word and the usages etc. For instance, it was once classed into four parts
29、 by the standard of the part of speech: the term of noun, verb, adjective, and the combination between preposition and adverb. It listed lots of instances to support the view, such as “kindness”(the use of kind-hearted and cold-blooded in the proverb “as clod as charity”); “hit”(with the meaning of
30、To come into contact with forcefully; strike in “Hit a man when he is down” but while in the proverb “Hit it off” it changed into the sense of happy and comfortable in each others presence); “up”, has the meaning of be about to do something, like “The sun is up”, however, while in the sentence “Your
31、 time is up.” the meaning turn to the opposite side meaning at the end, till (林家修 et al 274-275)Also, it could be typed into right aspects for as much as the sources of formation:1) Words with subjective emotions and external justness.Taking “appropriate” for an instance, it has two levels of meanin
32、gs: use properly and to peculate.2) Words that is related by the inherent logic.“Drinking to the dregs” (enjoyment or having hard time), while in the same phrase, the meaning will change if the objects are different or the part of speech is not the same.3) The function of irony.4) Words decided by t
33、he vocational characters.5) Words decided by the objects specifically attribute.6) The relativity of the notion of orientation.7) The localization in the development of language.8) Words as the product of the historical transitional society.(冯凭 103-104)United all the materials on the classification
34、of “Enantiosemy” I have searched before, I conclude my thought in the aspect with three parts as follows: 3.1 The Angle of Synchronic LinguisticsBefore the part begins, firstly lets defining the exact signification of Synchronic Linguistics. It is the description of a language at some point in time
35、and is a synchronic study. In the case of such synchronic angle, lets take examples from Oxford English Dictionary (all the following examples would be chosen from O.E.D but to the exception of clear indications.)The words which belong to this class have the most in “Enantiosemy”:1) oversight vt. .
36、an unintended failure to notice or do something (C.E.D.) C.E.D. means Collins English Dictionary . general and careful watchfulness(C.E.D.)e.g. This is the result of an oversight.We can understand the sentence as follows: . This is the result of an carefulness. . This is the result of neglect. 2) ov
37、ersee vt. . to fail or omit to see or notice; . to superviseThe two opposite meanings of the word “oversee” in Morden English is rare to see, but it, indeed, belongs to “Enantiosemy” in the history. In one of William Congreeves famous comics, “The Way of The World”, theres a sentence as follows:“I w
38、as for my ease to oversee and wilfully neglect the gross advance made him by wife.”Here “oversee” takes the first meaning. Lets see the next sentence, which was written by Jonathan Swift, the words means the second meaning:“Can I oversee my workman and a school too?”Similar words like: overlook, ove
39、rhear etc.3) cleave vt. . to bring together; . to cut aparte.g. . One should cleave to ones principles. . The airplane cleaved the clouds.Involving the words talked above, there also have been a lot of other examples to support the class, such as: splice, clip, sanction (means a punitive action as a
40、 noun and as a verb means to endorse), let etc. till now, these words still act an indispensable role in daily life and were used to enrich our language while we desire conveying or representing messages to others. 3.2 The Angle of Diachronic LinguisticsDiachronic Linguistics means the description o
41、f a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. It requires one of the words meanings must be lost now and the other remains in our daily life. Words of this kind, which one of the two opposite meanings has disappeared or was labeled by “Abolish”. Most of the words meaning, which were
42、 disused once, can hardly be seen in the modern dictionaries. 1) inhabitable Not habitable; Having inhabitants, lived in.It has two entirely opposite meanings in Old English, when words that contain opposite meanings play an indispensable role in the whole vocabulary:In Shakespeares play Charles II,
43、 the hero Charles II once said such a sentence: “ I would allow him odds/And meet him, were I tried to run afoot/Ever to the frozen ridges of the Alps, /Or any other ground inhabitable/Where ever Englishman durst set his foot.” (Vol.4 307) According to the paraphrases in O.E.D, “inhabitable” here me
44、ans Not habitable.Sir William Herchel, the English astronomer who was burn in German, used the word “inhabitable” too. But the meaning he took is entirely opposite from that Shakespeare took: “If stars are suns, and suns are inhabitable, we see at once what an extensive field for animation opens its
45、elf to our view.”Obviously, “inhabitable” in the sentence means Having inhabitants, lived in. Otherwise, the original mean could not be well and correctly understood.2) inexistent adj. . existing or having its being in something else; . not existing, having no existence.Tucker once said “The idea of
46、 pain, ignorance, doubt are too frequently inexistent in the minds of man.” Here “inexistent” is the meaning of .“Inexistent” also was used by Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729) in his comedy, Lying Lover, was the opposite meaning to the first one: “Still in the dowry arms embrace my friend, nor loose h
47、im from his inexistent trance.”3) invertible adj. .that cannot be turned or reversed; .that can be inverted.T. Adams, lived in the 17th century, has wisdom that: “The will of the devil is invertible.” The following sentence reflects the second meaning of the word, means the Japanese are very agile and changeful: “There is a sort of invertible quality in the Japanese which makes them train horses to gallop uphill.”4) investigable vt. . capable of being traced, traced out or searched in