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1、How to Develop Middle School Students Ability of Autonomy LearningContentsAbstract.1Key Words.1I. Introduction.1II. Definitions of Autonomy Learning.22.1. Autonomy has Two Main Aspects in Foreign Language Teaching.2III. The Research with Autonomy Learning of the Abroad and Home33.1 The Development o
2、f Autonomy Learning in Abroad.33.2 The Development of Autonomy Learning in China.4IV. Learning Strategies.6V. The Development of Students Ability of Autonomous Learning.9VI. Conclusion.14References.15摘要：培养学习者自主性是近20年来外语教学界的热门话题。本文简要介绍了自主学习的定义，学习策略，国外和国内对于自主学习的研究，培养中学学生的自主学习能力的必要性和重要因素。以及如何在我国当前的教育环境
3、下培养学生的自主外语学习能力。最后文章指出培养中学学生的 自主学习能力是外语教学界的长期目标。关键词：自主学习 学习策略 能力培养Abstract: Learning autonomy has been a buzzword in foreign language teaching in the recent twenty years. This paper aims at introducing this new teaching idea into foreign language teaching in China, including its definitions, learning
4、 strategies, the research with autonomy learning abroad and at home, the necessity of cultivating middle school students autonomy in the process of foreign language learning, and the factors that can promote students autonomy. This paper has also made a few tentative suggestions as to how to promote
5、 LA in the current pedagogic context. The paper highlights in the end that the development middle school students ability of autonomy learning is our long-pedagogic goal.Key words: autonomy learning learning strategies ability developingI. IntroductionThis paper is brief analysis of the ability of a
6、utonomy learning in language learning, especially in the middle school of China. First, definitions of autonomy learning. Second, the research with autonomy learning of abroad and at home. Third, learning strategies in language learning also have important practical significances in language learnin
7、g and teaching. Most language teachers will agree that autonomy learning of the students is one of the most important factors of success or failure in language learning. They believe that one phrase: “Given methodology, anyone can learn a language”. Autonomy learning is important in foreign language
8、 learning; because it can improve language learners internal and external powers. Finally, it shows that learning mode in foreign language teaching tends to be student-centered and the new teaching concept autonomy, puts forward to the possibilities and necessities of carrying out Autonomy in China
9、and some general suggestions for how to develop ability of learners. So autonomy learning aims at cultivating the learners to have a strong thirst for knowledge and language learning, thus turning “Teacher makes me learn” into “I want to learn.”II. Definitions of Autonomy Learning Autonomy learning
10、is a relatively new concept for students and teachers to in the middle school in China. Although there has always been the idea of Dixie (self-teaching), In China the idea is different from the concept of autonomous learning and only peripheral in Chinese educational culture. We need to examine the
11、concept of autonomous learning. The concept of “autonomous learning” originated in the 1960s when there were debates about the development of life-long learning skills and indeed thing: Hole (1981:3) defines autonomy as “the ability to take charge of ones own learning”. Dickinson (1987:11) stated th
12、at autonomy is a “situation in which the learner is totally responsible for all the decisions concerned with his or her learning and the implementation of those decisions”.However, “Autonomy learning is a behavior and ability of independent learning, control of the study consent, mental function in
13、ones heart of learner” (Benson 1997:25) However, “the fully autonomous learner is an ideal, rather than a reality” (Noonan 1997:193). There are different degrees of autonomy. Most researchers use the term “self- access” to refer to the approach that assists learners to move from teacher dependence t
14、o autonomy.Autonomy learning is a self-directed learning, self-organized learning and self-dominated learning. But some people think: As learners follow their cognitive level, knowledge structure, learning style and to define learning goals, choosing learning cogent and personal style self-control.2
15、.1. Autonomy has Two Main Aspects in Foreign Language Teaching.1) The first aspect of autonomy. The ultimate goal of most language teaching is to develop the students autonomy in their own language use. That is, to develop the ability to use the language as they need or want to. This has direct impl
16、ications for the kind of tasks that students are asked to do. If students are only asked to do closed tasks they are unlikely to develop the ability to use the language with ease. Open-ended tasks are much more important in this respect. 2) The second aspect of autonomy, however, concerns how the st
17、udents learn. If all the decisions about learning are always taken by the teacher, the students will not have the opportunity to decide things for themselves. This means that they will not develop the ability to learn by them. In a rapidly changing world, however, these abilities are increasingly im
18、portant, as people are continually required to learn new skills and absorb new information. Learning how to learn should thus be a vital component in any educational course. So the concept of autonomy has been for a few years and even become a buzzword within the context of language learning. Unfort
19、unately, however, it has also been misunderstood as being no more than self-instruction. Some also assume that learner autonomy in the classroom means that the teacher transfers all control to the learners and thus becomes a redundant part of the learning process. Consequently. Autonomy learning is
20、often described as a new methodology. III. The Research with Autonomy Learning Abroad and at Home Autonomy is a new area in language teaching research, which emphasizes the development of the learners ability to take initiative in language learning. The fact that autonomy in learning is not an inbor
21、n capacity that can be inherited from ancestors entails that it can be developed through training and practice. The purpose enhancing the learners autonomy is to help them learn to learn and ultimately to improve efficiency in learning. 3.1 The Development of Autonomy Learning Abroad.From the early
22、1950s, autonomy learning becomes an important research topic. In the 90s of 20 century foreign countries made deeper and wider research on autonomy learning, and made great progress on basic problems; especially on the essence of autonomy learning, the relationship between autonomy learning and mark
23、s, and the get of autonomy learning ability. In essence, the independent study should be motivated by intrinsic or self-stimulation, learning methods are planned or have reached the automated through practice, for study is regular and effective; Aware of the students to learn independently and the r
24、esults of self-control and make the learning process. They also take the initiative to create an atmosphere that is conducive to learning the material and social environment. Winne and Butler believe that autonomous learning model is a cognitive model. Independent study focuses on the inner motivati
25、on mechanism. Zimmerman and Schunk social cognitive side believes that the acquisition is a self learning ability to learn skills outside of their capabilities into the process; managers should have a range of stages, such as the observation stage, imitating stage, self-control stage, autonomy stage
26、. Information processing side Winne (1997) further noted that students could access their learning ability through various channels. First, accepted autonomy learning, students at different age can acquire and use the autonomy strategy. Second, the classroom lacks autonomy; students can get ability
27、of autonomy learning through observing study of other people.(1) One independent study on the substance. (2) Independent study on the intrinsic mechanisms. (3) Independent study on the relationship with performance (4) On the ability to study independently. It introduced over the recent 10 years the
28、 research and development of basic problems about autonomy learning abroad. As can be seen, three issues that caused bewildered in the 80s of 20 century were, what is their learning and how to learn, autonomous learning and motivation and cognitive relationship Yuan, independent learning skills coul
29、d be taught has already been responded to. Undoubtedly, these developments subsequent to the independent research study have laid a solid foundation. From research trends, research on autonomous learning from the faction strife in the 1980s, has begun to shift to the home of Zhu integrated autonomou
30、s learning theory, the researchers focused on absorbing reasonable elements from various groups autonomy learning to place into their own research framework. But on the other hand, it can be seen on the autonomy of the research study is still at a preliminary stage, some basic issues, such as indepe
31、ndent study with the academic relations, effective independent learning intervention models, the development of independent learning abilities are yet to be further explored.1990s after studying abroad for independent research on issues broader, in-depth, especially in the study of real autonomy, me
32、chanism, independent learning and learning achievement relations, and self-learning ability, such as access to basic issues have made significant progress.3.2 The Development of Autonomy Learning in China.In comparison with foreign countries, China has more autonomy in foreign language learning. It
33、is divided into three stages:1) Putting forward stage.2) Preliminary experience stage.3) Systematic research stage.Especially about 1979 our country has more than 11 teaching experiments, which direct students to autonomy learning. In 1990, our research of autonomy learning has deep and comes an asp
34、ect that theory and practice, education, psychology and have a unprecedented flourishing period. Despite self-study of the independent research studies have achieved fruitful results, but on the autonomy learning many fundamental issues. Such as capacity development and independent training, Teacher
35、s measure students autonomy learning ability through students learning, but it hasnt properly addressed. For example, we used means of questionnaires; this dissertation seems to prove that the capability of autonomy learning in China is lower than European. Chinese students are modest, lack confiden
36、t, meanwhile the respect towards teachers made students frightened. To protect dignity, teacher cannot fully communicate with students, cannot get to know about the requirement of students as European teachers do. And it tries to investigate Chinese students strengths and weaknesses concerning auton
37、omy learning compared with west European students. In this way, appropriate advice is given on how to improve Chinese students learners autonomy, and thereby to improve teaching and learning efficiency. Chinese students have not enough communication with teacher. They reorganize them habit of taking
38、 chance and explore. To be a teacher, teaching method cant rigidly adhere to outline of text. You can build democratic relationship between teacher and student, and adjust the atmosphere of classroom by discussing question. You guide direct supervise to let alone how to improve students ability of a
39、utonomy learning. Not only observe the students study development but also record each students progress and do research o their change of study behavior. Although our country have obtain rich achievement on researching the aspect of autonomy learning, but the respected position of the teacher, may
40、cause difficulty for Chinese students, both emotionally and intellectually when encouraged to work autonomously. Independent learning can be seen as disemboweling the teacher and encouraging the learner to defy previous learning experiences, thus challenging the view of the teacher as an unquestiona
41、ble source of authority that is deeply rooted within Chinese culture. We believe that not every learner will, or should choose to, be autonomous in their learning. Therefore, the learning training that a self-access center provides should reflect this and provide as great a degree of flexibility as
42、possible.However, the quality of education in our country has been independent for several years, but the general pattern is the existing knowledge of teaching: teacher-centered. The practical consequence is worried in the process of teaching and learning. Research shows that the learning ability of
43、 our students on the relatively weak level of overall development, the development of autonomy learning is uneven. So recognizing the academic achievements of independent development and learning ability in the relationship between the role of education for our students to learn the current status o
44、f education reform and improvement are promoting significance, but in recent years, my self-study of the autonomy learning research is rising, autonomy learning environments for network education in the field of education research forward and become a hot issue.To be a teacher, you must help student
45、s so that they can obtain the way of autonomy learning ability; to foster learners interest in English learning and thus to motivate their learning; to encourage learners to take the responsibility of learning; and to raise learners awareness of learning strategies and to train them in effective use
46、 of learning strategies.IV. Learning StrategiesWith the teaching of language being more and more communication-oriented, the traditional classroom teaching is facing a big challenge and is being replaced by the “learner-centered” one. This means that learner will assume greater responsibility for hi
47、s or her own learning. That is to say, learner autonomy has to be enhanced to meet the mead of the new classroom-teaching mode. The following introduces briefly some of the recent theoretical literature on foreign language autonomy learning , and several strategies and suggestion to foster autonomy
48、learning.Learning strategies have become the necessary factors in improving the students learning efficiency. However, there are so many students and teachers who cant realize the importance of it, but in the recently years many researchers discovered and concluded that the learners who followed ones own favorite learning strategy could improve his learning efficiency and encourage his learning autonomy.In the development of the research on the learning strategies, there are few people to investigate Chinese students